Neuropsych Neuroanatomy Quiz 2

Question 1

What motor impairment can a cerebellar lesion cause?

Answer 1

ataxia ipsilateral to the side of the cerebellar lesion

Question 2

Instead of gyri, the small ridges that run from medial to lateral on the surface of the cerebellum are called ___

Answer 2

Folia

Question 3

The ___ is a white matter structure situated in the inferomedial part of each cerebral hemisphere.

Answer 3

Internal capsule

Question 4

Clinical features: damage to cerebellar vermis

Answer 4

Symptoms are nonprogressive and vary. From mild gait ataxia + upbeating nystagmus to severe ataxia

Question 5

A lesion to the ___ can cause unsteady gait.

Answer 5

cerebellum - specifically to the ___

Question 6

The flocculonodular lobe is important in ___ control.

Answer 6

vestibulo-ocular

Question 7

What white matter structures are the major input/output tracts between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain?

Answer 7

cerebellar peduncles

Question 8

Increased cerebellar pressure can cause the ___ to herniate through the foramen magnum and impinge against the medullary respiratory centers.

Answer 8

cerebellar tonsils

Question 9

___ is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominantly dopamine-producing (dopaminergic) neurons in a specific area of the brain called substantia nigra.

Answer 9

Parkinson’s disease

Question 10

The cerebellum has four deep cerebellar nuclei embedded in the white matter in its center.

Answer 10

dentate, emboliform, globose, and fastigii

Question 11

Which term applies to abnormal movements that result from basal ganglia pathology?

Answer 11

dyskinesia

Question 12

the frontal cortex can be divided into three regions

Answer 12

orbital and anterior cingulate prefrontal cortex (reward, emotion, motivation); dorsal prefrontal cortex (higher cognitive functions or “executive functions”), and premotor and motor areas (motor planning + execution of this plans)

Question 13

What are the 5 defined subcortical circuits of the frontal lobe?

Answer 13

motor, oculomotor, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal, and anterior cingulate
all originate in the prefrontal cortex and form a loop passing through striatum - globus pallidus - substantia nigra - thalamus

Question 14

A region of the ventral striatum that participates in the limbic frontal-subcortical channel is the ___

Answer 14

xxx

Question 15

Describe the indirect pathway

Answer 15

cortex -> striatum -> GPe -> subthalamic nucleus -> GPi -> thalamus -> cortical motor area

Question 16

What 2 structures are histologically related and separated by the internal capsule?

Answer 16

caudate and putamen + globus pallidus internal and substantia nigra pars reticulata

Question 17

The tail of the caudate can be found along the roof of the ___

Answer 17

temporal horn of the lateral ventricle

Question 18

The main blood supply to the basal ganglia comes from which major artery?

Answer 18

middle cerebral artery

Question 19

Nausea, vomiting, nystagmus, and ___ are (collectively) sensitive indications of a ___

Answer 19

ataxia, cerebellar

Question 20

The ___ is the most important input nucleus of the striatum for motor control pathways.

Answer 20

putamen

Question 21

In addition to supplying the cerebellum, the 3 major cerebellar arteries also supply significant portions of the ___

Answer 21

pons and thalamus

Question 22

Strokes that cause ipsilateral ataxia without any brainstem signs most commonly involve the ___

Answer 22

Superior cerebellar artery

Question 23

As Heilman described it, dyskinesia is a disorder of ___ and apraxia is a disorder of ___

Answer 23

when to move; how to move

Question 24

Which type of apraxia predominantly involves difficulty completing steps of a motor task in correct sequence?

Answer 24

ideational apraxia

Question 25

the inability to make the proper movement in response to a verbal command

Answer 25

ideomotor apraxia

Question 26

the inability to coordinate activities with multiple, sequential movements, such as dressing, eating, and bathing

Answer 26

ideational apraxia

Question 27

For most right handed people damage to the LEFT supplementary motor cortex can cause ideomtor apraxia involving ___

Answer 27

both right and left hands

Question 28

Patients with ___ apraxia select the wrong tool or pantomime the wrong tool motion for a given tasks.

Answer 28

ideomtor apraxia

Question 29

According to Heilman, conceptual praxis is probably ___

Answer 29

widely distributed

Question 30

Which movement disorder involves asymmetric parkinsonism plus apraxia?

Answer 30

cortical basal ganglionic degeneration

Question 31

Which movement disorder would you suspect in a patient with parkinsonism plus ataxia?

Answer 31

Multiple system atrophy

Question 32

What are five common symptoms caused by lesions of the cerebellum?

Answer 32

uncoordinated movements, imbalance, speech problems (dysarthria), nisual problems (nystagmus), and vertigo

Question 33

Which abnormal motor signs are associated with cerebellar ataxia?

Answer 33

dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia

Question 34

Which term refers to uncontrolled twisting movements of the limbs, face, and trunk.

Answer 34

athetosis

Question 35

What motor sign is characterized by nearly continuous involuntary movements that have a fluid or jerky, contantly varying quality?

Answer 35

chorea

Question 36

What motor sign is characterized by uncontrolled movements of proximal limbs that are larger in amplitude and have more of a flinging quality than chorea?

Answer 36

Ballismus (proximal chorea that produces flinging movements of high amplitude) * note, chorea (rapid, involuntary, non-rhythmic, non-stereotypical, small amplitude movements) * both fall under hyperkinetic movement disorders

Question 37

What motor signs results from epileptic cortical activity?

Answer 37

myoclonus

Question 38

What neuromotor condition involves abnormal copper metabolism?

Answer 38

Wilson's disease

Question 39

What condition would be high in your differential diagnosis in a patient presenting with insidious onset, asymmetric resting tremor, stooped posture, shuffling gait, hypophonia, and good response to levodopa?

Answer 39

Parkinson's disease

Question 40

Other than the cerebellum, lesions where else can cause ataxia?

Answer 40

cerebellar peduncles spinal cord pons and frontopontine fibers

Question 41

Which of the cerebellar peduncles carries mainly outputs from the cerebellum?

Answer 41

superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 42

Nucleus accumbens

Question 43

globus pallidus

Question 44

What thalamic nucleus is involved in many of the frontal-subcortical basal ganglia pathways?

Answer 44

ventral anterior

Question 45

What is a cortical output target of the oculomotor channel?

Answer 45

frontal eye fields

Question 46

What is a source of dopaminergic projections to the striatum in the frontal-subcortical motor channel?

Answer 46

substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 47

What is the source of dopaminergic projections to the nucleus accumbens in the frontal-subcortical channel?

Answer 47

ventral tegmental area

Question 48

Which frontal-subcortical channel is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia?

Question 49

With respect to praxis, what is the role of the inferior parietal lobe?

Answer 49

storage of the movement representations (like a piece of sheet music)

Question 50

With respect to praxis, what part of the brain translates the inferior parietal lobe's movement representations (sheet music) into a motor program?

Answer 50

premotor cortex

Question 51

With respect to extrapyramidal motor control, the net effect of the direct pathway is ___ and the net effect of the indirect pathway is ___

Answer 51

inhibition, inhibition

Question 52

The tremor in Parkinson's disease is a ___

Answer 52

resting tremor

Question 53

What is the correct order of extrapyramidal direct pathway connections?

Answer 53

Cortex - striatum - globus pallidus - thalamus - cortex

Question 54

Of the 4 frontal-subcortical basal ganglia channels, the prefrontal channel is predominantly involved in what?

Answer 54

regulating cognitive processes