Neuroplasticity

Question 1

What does neuroplasticity refer to in the context of the brain?

a) The brain’s ability to remain unchanged throughout life
b) The brain’s capacity to physically change in response to development, experience, damage, or dysfunction
c) The brain’s inability to adapt to new situations
d) The brain’s static structure that cannot be altered

Answer 1

b) The brain’s capacity to physically change in response to development, experience, damage, or dysfunction

Question 2

Regarding plasticity mechanisms, long-term depression is a result of all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Small influx passage of calcium onto the postsynaptic membrane receptors causing less AMPA receptors to be inserted into the membrane.

B) Magnesium is displaced allowing calcium ion to flow through the NMDA receptors.

C) Large influx passage of calcium onto the postsynaptic membrane receptors causing move AMPA receptors to be inserted into the membrane.

D) Glutamate is released from the presynaptic cell onto the postsynaptic cell resulting in depolarization of the cell

Answer 2

C) Large influx passage of calcium onto the postsynaptic membrane receptors causing move AMPA receptors to be inserted into the membrane.

Question 3

True or False: Heterosynaptic plasticity produces changes at synapses that are directly activated at the time of information transfer

Answer 3

FALSE
Homosynapticplasticity produces changes at synapses that are directly activated at the time of information transfer.

Question 4

Which of the following functional modular plasticity mechanisms is a representational area that carries out a specific function and expands due to the performance of that function or repeated exposure to a stimulus?

A) Cross-Modal Reassignment
B) Homologous Area Adaptation
C) Compensatory Masquerade
D) Map Expansion

Answer 4

D) Map Expansion

Question 5

Cross-modal reassignment describes the functional modular plasticity mechanism in which:

A) Operations from one region of the brain shift to the homologous region in the opposite hemisphere.

B) A brain area adapts its neural circuits to receive and process information from a different sensory modality.

C) A functional brain area grows in response to repeated exposure to the area’s designated stimulus.

D) Neural networks organize to compensate for deficits in performance of a function due to damage of previously used networks.

Answer 5

B) A brain area adapts its neural circuits to receive and process information from a different sensory modality.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT one of the 10 principles of experience dependent neuroplasticity?

A) Use it or lose it
B) Rest and improve it
C) Age Matters
D) Transference

Answer 6

B) Rest and improve it

Question 7

Compensatory masquerade describes the functional modular plasticity mechanism in which:

A) Operations from one region of the brain shift to the homologous region in the opposite hemisphere.

B) A brain area adapts its neural circuits to receive and process information from a different sensory modality.

C) A functional brain area grows in response to repeated exposure to the area’s designated stimulus.

D) Reorganization of preexisting neural networks
allowing performance of a function to be carried
out successfully in the absence of networks that
previous supported that function.

Answer 7

D) Reorganization of preexisting neural networks
allowing performance of a function to be carried
out successfully in the absence of networks that
previous supported that function.

Question 8

What can we do in OT to promote activity dependent neuroplasticity?

A) Maximize Activity-Dependent Plasticity
B) Train the impaired limb (skilled limb movements) & avoid compensation
C) Start early
D) Training should be high-dose & challenge participant
E) Promoting Plasticity
F) All of the above

Answer 8

E) ALL OF THE ABOVE

Question 9

Which of the following describes HOMOsynaptic plasticity?

A) Only neurons that are directly activated undergo changes in synaptic plasticity
B) Synaptic pathways not directly activated undergo changes
C) occur during critical stages of development

Answer 9

A) Only neurons that are directly activated undergo changes in synaptic plasticity

Question 10

Which of the following describes HETERosynaptic plasticity?

A) Only neurons that are directly activated undergo changes in synaptic plasticity
B) Synaptic pathways not directly activated undergo changes
C) occur during critical stages of development

Answer 10

B) Synaptic pathways not directly activated undergo changes

Question 11

What is the term used to describe the extension of new membrane at the edges of the growth cone during axonal growth?

a) Axon elongation
b) Dendritic branching
c) Protrusion
d) Neurotransmitter release

Answer 11

Correct Answer: c) Protrusion

Question 12

Which of the following describes pruning in regards to plasticity mechanisms?

a) Growth of parts of neurons or entire neurons due to increase of activity.
b) Losing parts of neurons or entire neurons due to lack of activity.
c) Losing parts of neurons or entire neurons due to increase of activity.

Answer 12

b) Losing parts of neurons or entire neurons due to lack of activity.

Question 13

What phenomenon allows axons to form multiple connections with various targets, occurring both during development and in response to injury or disease?

a) Axon retraction
b) Myelin sheath regeneration
c) Collateral sprouting
d) Synaptic pruning

Answer 13

Correct Answer: c) Collateral sprouting

Question 14

What is long-term potentiation?

a) strengthening of synaptic connections
b) strengthening of dendritic cells
c) weakening of synaptic connections

Answer 14

a) strengthening of synaptic connections

Question 15

What is long-term depression?

a) strengthening of synaptic connections
b) strengthening of dendritic cells
c) weakening of synaptic connections

Answer 15

c) weakening of synaptic connections

Question 16

Which of the following events are involved in long-term potentiation?

a) NMDA receptors are not activated by low levels due to the NMDA channels being blocked by magnesium.

b) Frequency in firing of AMPA receptors will cause DEPOLARIZATION to occur releasing Ca + removing the magnesium blockage.

c) The influx of Ca + ions will influence more AMPA receptors to enter creating the cell to be more susceptible to glutamate.

d) All of the above

Answer 16

d) All of the above

Question 17

Which of the following events are involved in long-term depression?

a) Low levels of Ca + would cause a cellular cascade that causes the removal of AMPA receptors.

b) Weak synapse occurs due to the lack of glutamate.

c) Weak synapse occurs due to increase in Ca+ ions

d) A & B

Answer 17

d) A & B

Question 18

Which of the following functional modular plasticity mechanisms allows for the shifting of operations from one region of the brain to another region.

A) Cross-Modal Reassignment
B) Homologous Area Adaptation
C) Compensatory Masquerade
D) Map Expansion

Answer 18

B) Homologous Area Adaptation

Question 19

Which of the following functional modular plasticity mechanisms describes an area that previously processed a specific type of sensory input now receives input from another sensory source.

A) Cross-Modal Reassignment
B) Homologous Area Adaptation
C) Compensatory Masquerade
D) Map Expansion

Answer 19

A) Cross-Modal Reassignment

Question 20

Your patient recently had a stroke impacting the Left MCA (superior cortical branches). They are presenting with R hemiparesis impacting UL/face, Broca’s aphasia, head and eyes deviated to the left and inability to move eyes to the right.

Patient Goal: Improve use of dominant UL for feeding.

Which of the following would you ensure your treatment to consist of?

a) Train the impaired limb and focus on skilled limb movement aka task-specific training (Use it to improve it/Specificity!) & avoid compensation (Use it or lose it!)

b) Start early (Time matters!)

c) Training should be high-dose (Repetition and Intensity Matter!) & challenge participant –find just right challenge (Specificity/Salience Matters!)

e) All of the above

Answer 20

e) All of the above

Question 21

MATCHING: Match the correct statement to the correct term.

A) Failure to drive specific brain functions can lead to functional degradation.
B) Training that drives a specific brain function can lead to an enhancement of that function.
C) The nature of the training experience dictates the nature of the plasticity.
D) Induction of plasticity requires sufficient repetition.
E) Induction of plasticity requires sufficient training intensity.

_ Use It or Lose It
_ Use It and Improve It
_ Specificity
_ Repetition Matters
_ Intensity Matters

Answer 21

A) Use It or Lose It
B) Use It and Improve It
C) Specificity
D) Repetition Matters
E) Intensity Matters

Question 22

MATCHING: Match the correct statement to the correct term.

A) Different forms of plasticity occur at different times during training.
B) The training experience must be sufficiently salient to induce plasticity.
C) Training-induced plasticity occurs more readily in younger brains.
D) Plasticity in response to one training experience can enhance the acquisition of similar behaviors.
E) Plasticity in response to one experience can interfere with the acquisition of other behaviors.

_ Time Matters
_ Salience Matters
_ Age Matters
_ Transference
_ Interference

Answer 22

A) Time Matters
B) Salience Matters
C) Age Matters
D) Transference
E) Interference