Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Neurophysiology (slides 1-55) > Flashcards

Neurophysiology (slides 1-55) Flashcards

1
Q 
Above the midbrain, Rostral is 
A)anterior
B)posterior
C)superior
D)inferior
A

A) anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q 
Above the midbrain, Ventral is 
A)anterior
B)posterior
C)superior
D)inferior
A

D) inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Above the midbrain, Caudal is A)anterior
B)posterior
C)superior
D)inferior

A

B)posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q 
Above the midbrain, dorsal is
A)anterior
B)posterior
C)superior
D)inferior
A

C)superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Below midbrain Rostral is ______ and Caudal is ______.

A

Superior (head)

Inferior (tail)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Below the midbrain ventral is _____ and dorsal is____

A

Anterior (front of body)

Posterior (back of body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Two points on same side of midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Contralateral

A

Two points on opposite sides of midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Soma

A

Cell body of the neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neurites

A

Thin cellular processes extending from soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Axon

A

Carries action potential away from soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive impulses from other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gray matter

A

-Neuronal cell bodies in CNS (gray because no myelin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cortex

A

Thin sheets of neurons, usually at the brain surface and most often used in reference to the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nucleus

Term referring to collection of neurons

A

Clearly defined mass of neurons, usually large and deeply placed in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Locus

A

Clearly defined groups of neurons, but smaller than a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Substantia

A

Less well-defined group of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ganglion

A

Applied to collections of neurons in PNS (exception: basal ganglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

White matter

A

General term for axon groups in CNS (whit because it has myelin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tract

A

Collection of axons with common origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Capsule

A

A group of axons connecting the cerebrum and brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Comissure

A

A collection of axons that connects one side of the brain to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Leminscus

A

A “ribbon-like” tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of axons in the PNS (expection: optic nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Layers of the meninges from superficial to deep

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is CSF located?

A

Subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Sensory info from periphery to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Peripheral Nervous System made up of:

A
  • Neurons & glia outside the meninges
  • Spinal nerves
  • Cranial nerves
  • sensory receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Efferent nerves

A

Carry info from CNS to periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

True of false: Motor nerves are afferent

A

False, motor nerves are efferent nerves that carry info to skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
  • enteric
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

Sensory and motor communications between CNS and skin, skeletal muscles and joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the rest and digest system?

A

Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the fight or flight system?

A

Sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which system controls the walls of the GI tract?

A

Enteric nervous system “gut brain”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cerebrum (two cerebral hemispheres) receives input and controls movement from which side of the body?

A

Contralateral side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cerebellum is mainly responsible for what two things?

A

Muscle coordination and balance (think when you get drunk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for the regulation of vital body functions?

A

Brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Dorsal root carries ___ info ____ the spinal cord

A

Afferent, toward

40
Q

Ventral root carries _____ info ___ the spinal cord

A

Efferent, away from

41
Q

Surface area of the brain is increased through ____ and ____

A

Folds (gyri) and fissures (suci)

42
Q

Which structure controls thoughts, perceptions and voluntary actions?

A

Cerebrum

43
Q

What is another term for cerebrum

A

Cortex, refers to surface of gray matter

44
Q

Lower part of the forebrain is the ________

A

Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

45
Q

What structure is the relay station for sensory pathways?

A

Thalamus

46
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Provides the link between hemispheres

47
Q

True or false: hypothalamus lies ventral to the thalamus

A

True- ventral means below

48
Q

Which structure is considered the command center for the ANS?

A

Hypothalamus

49
Q

Four F’s of hypothalamus include

A

Feeding
Fighting
Fleeing
F**king

50
Q

What are the two major midbrain structures?

A

Tectum and tegmentum (cerebral peduncles)

51
Q

Superior and inferior colliculus are structures of the ____ in the midbrain

A

Tectum

52
Q

Superior colliculus receives sensory input from what body structure?

A

Eyes; involved in eye movement

53
Q

Inferior colliculus is the relay station for sensory input from what part of the body?

A

Ear

54
Q

What are the two structures within the tegmentum (cerebral peduncles)

A

Red nucleus

Substantia Nigra

55
Q

What three structures make up the hindbrain

A

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla

56
Q

Ataxia

A

Damage to the cerebellum causing jerky movements; poorly coordinated

57
Q

Descending tracts of the cerebellum are responsible for ____

A

Movement

58
Q

Ascending tract of cerebellum are responsible for ____

A

Proprioception aka position sense

59
Q

Site of decussation (crossing over) of motor tracts

A

Medullary pyramids

60
Q

How many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves are there?

A

12 pairs of cranial

31 pairs of spinal

61
Q

Which nerve is considered part of the CNS and why?

A

Optic n. By its located within the meninges

62
Q

All cranial nerves serve head and neck region expect which nerve?

A

Vagus, travels down to diaphragm

63
Q

If volume in brain increases there is risk of intracranial pressure which in turn, decreases brain ___

A

Perfusion

64
Q

What are the 3 components of brain ECF

A

Blood plasma
Interstitial fluid (in contact with neural cells and glia)
CSF within ventricular and subarachnoid space

65
Q

What makes CSF?

A

Choroid plexus epithelium

66
Q

CSF is drained into venous system via ________

A

Arachnoid granulation

67
Q

Functions of CSF

A
  • Shock absorber
  • Assist in maintenance of constant internal environment of CNS
  • route for removal of metabolites in the brain
68
Q

Blood Brain Barrier made up of

A

Capillary endothelial cells connected by tight junctions. The end foot (podocyte process) of Astrocytes also promote the BBB.

69
Q

_____ _____ soluble solutes can get through the BBB (capillary endothelial membranes). Give examples

A

Highly Lipid soluble

Ex: O2, CO2, urea, nicotine, ethanol

70
Q

Non lipid solubles are unable to diffuse into the brain , what is the exception & how does it get through?

A

Glucose enters via GLUT-1 carriers

71
Q

What are circumventricular organs? And examples.

A

Areas of brain that lack BBB. Directly exposed to solutes in blood.
Ex:
-ogranum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT)
-posterior pituitary
-pineal gland

72
Q

How does OVLT generate a fever?

A

Leakiness in OVLT allows circulating cytokines to signal the body to body temperature control to generate a fever

73
Q

Definition and example of Unipolar, Bipolar and Multipolar neurites

A

Uni- single neurite ( primary sensor neurons)

Bi- two neurites (retinal bipolar cell)

Multi- three or more neurites *most common
Ex: spina motor neuron

74
Q

Organization of dendrites follow what two patterns

A

Pyramidal neurons or Stellate (star-shaped) neurons

75
Q

Do Golgi type I Neurons have short or long axons?

A

Long axons (project from one region of nervous system to another)

76
Q

Do Golgi type II neurons have short or long axons?

A

Short axons (contribute to local circuits in a region)

77
Q

In what area of the axon are action potentials readily triggered and why?

A

Initial segment (aka spike initiation zone) due to high levels of voltage gated Na channels

78
Q

What is the majority type of neurons in the body? Primary sensory neurons, interneurons or motor neurons?

A

Interneurons (only form connections with other neurons)

79
Q

What happens at the terminal bouton?

A

Aka axon terminal ; point of synapse.

80
Q

What is the axon proper?

A

The section of the axon that IS myelinated and can extend over long distance.

81
Q

Axons with larger diameters have lover ______ and faster ________.

A

Lower electrical resistance and faster conduction velocities

82
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration

A

The degeneration of the distal part of a neuron after being cut.

83
Q

Transport of materials in the axon is mediated by ______

A

Cytoskeleton

84
Q

What are the three parts of the cytoskeleton involved with axoplasmic transport?

A

Microtubules (run longitudinally, train tracks)

Microfilaments (polymers of actin molecules)

Neurofilaments (long protein molecules)

85
Q

How does anterograde transport of microfilaments work?

A

Soma to axon terminal (movement of vesicles with neurotransmitters)

86
Q

What is retrograde transport?

A

Axon terminal towards cell body (uptake of growth factor at axon terminal by endocytosis)

87
Q

What are considered the “box cars” on the train tracks in regards to axoplasmic transport?

A

Motor proteins

88
Q

Name of support cells that support neurons

A

Neuroglia

89
Q

Name of neuron cells that provide immunity

A

Microglia

90
Q

What cells produce and maintain myelin sheath in CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

91
Q

What cells make myelin sheath in PNS?

A

Schwann cells

92
Q

What cells provide scaffolding and are part of the BBB?

A

Astrocytes

93
Q

In synaptic transmission: Action potential from axon depolarizes the axon terminal causing what to happen next?

A

Ca entry into axon terminal via ca voltage gated channels.

94
Q

In synaptic transmission: once Calcium enters the axon terminal, what occurs next?

A

Exocytosis!!!!! (Remember if u see calcium think contraction of muscle, or exocytosis)

Exocytosis of vesicles carrying neurotransmittters occur.

95
Q

Neurotransmitter signaling is terminated by removal from synaptic cleft via what 3 mechanisms? Which is most common?

A
  • Diffusion
  • enzymatic degradation
  • reuptake of neurotransmitter

Physiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions