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(OMS1) Neuro exam 3 > Neurophysiology of Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Neurophysiology of Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Motor skills that are learned and are automatic

Also implicit memory

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2
Q

What structures are required for procedural memory?

A

Cerebellum for the motor part

Nucleus accumbens for non motor

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3
Q

What is declarative memory?

A 
Learned facts (episodic are events and semantic are memory of rules related to language)
Explicit memory
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4
Q

What structure is required for declarative memory?

A

cortex

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5
Q

Short, long and working memories. How are these processed?

A
  • seconds to hours
  • years
  • recalling a memory for use

Processing each type have different physiology!

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6
Q

What is required to actually make memory?

A

Physically changing the neuron itself or the synapses it makes (neuronal or synaptic plasticity)

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7
Q

What is post-tetanic stimulation?

A

Synaptic plasticity mechanism
High frequency release of NT from pre-synaptic neuron > more bouts of Ca2+ entering the cell > greater NT release which increases the chance of AP in post synaptic cells

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8
Q

What is long term potentation?

A

EAA stimulates pre and post synaptic neurons to change > results in increase response to the NT released at the synapse

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9
Q

Using the EAA model, describe LTP

A

EAA binds non-nmda and nmda (with Mg+) receptors > Non-NMDA able to let Na+ in > depolarization > kicks Mg+ out of the NMDA receptor so calcium can enter its channel

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10
Q

What overall effect does calcium have after entering the cell?

A

Increase post synaptic response and NT release

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11
Q

Describe how Ca2+ alters post synaptic response via calmodulin

A

CA2+ binds calmodulin > increase cAMP > phosphorylation of AMPA receptors > increased Na+ influx > more depolarization > increased post synaptic response

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12
Q

Describe how CA2+ alters post synaptic response via calcineurin:

A

Ca2+ binds calcineurin > activate NOS > create NO > diffuses across cells and increases cGMP and NT release

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13
Q

What is CREB?

A

cAMP response element binding protein. Activated and induces gene transcription changes in pre and post-synaptic cell (neuronal plasticity) that produce proteins for new synapse (makes more NT, receptors, post synaptic density etc)

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14
Q

What happens to learning and memory if protein synthesis is blocked?

A

Block learning and formation of new memories

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15
Q

What are the 4 steps required to make explicit memories?

A

Encoding
Storage
Consolidation
Retrieval

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16
Q

What is encoding and what can enhance it?

A

Focusing on the new info.

We can link it to previous memories or relate it with emotion

17
Q

The main player in information storage are

A

Short term memory (hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, prefrontal cortex)

18
Q

How does the short term memory system work?

A

Projections from the main structures > Meynart > release Ach > neocortex and amygdala. (cholinergic) > excites the system to threshold leading to new memory formation

19
Q

Explain the relationship of Alzheimer’s disease to short term memory

A

Alzheimer’s targets the cholinergic system to Neocortex and amygdala. Results in difficulty making short term memories

20
Q

How do you physiologically store a memory in Short term memory?

A

Strengthening the synapses between the neurons in the hippo, parahippo and prefrontal (long term potentiation) allows info storage in short term memory (fire together)

21
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Making a memory permanent

Involves physically changing the synaptic structure of neurons that have LTPd with each other

22
Q

What anatomical structures are required to consolidate memory from short to long term?

A

Hippocampus
Temporal lobe
Papez circuit

23
Q

What is the Papez circuit pathway?

A

Hypothalamus/mammillary bodies > anterior thalamus > cingulate cortex > hippocampus (activation of relevant memories happens over and over)

24
Q

How does the Papez circuit work?

A

Continuous activation of the neurons in these areas related to the memory (neurons that fire together synapse together)
Papez in limbic system is required to encode, but not to retrieve

25
Q

After the papez encodes the memory, what happens to it?

A

Different features of the memory go to various areas of the cortex (sounds go to auditory, visual goes to visual cortex etc. This is done by creating new synapses in these areas.

26
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Recalling a memory and brining it to working memory. You need to reassemble the memory to retrieve it.

27
Q

What structures are required for retrieval to happen?

A

Neocortex
Parahippocampal gyrus
Hippocampus

28
Q

Describe the retrieval pathway

A

Neocortex (various parts that you disassembled the memory to) > parahippocampal gyrus > hippocampus (puts all the info together) > parahippocampus (prolongs the memory) > cortex for use (spit out on an exam)

29
Q

What model describes the working memory?

A

3 component model (central executive receives info from phonological loop and visuospatial loop and decides what you need at that moment (working memory))

30
Q

What serves as the components of the three component model of working memory?

A

Central executive - prefrontal cortex
Phonological loop - Broca’s and Wernicke’s
Visuospatial loop - Occipital cortex (with all the visual stuff)

31
Q

What is spatial memory?

A

Memory of the space we are in

32
Q

What is the major player in storing spatial memory?

A

Place cells in CA1 of hippocampus. These are special pyramidal cells.

33
Q

What are the features of place cells?

A

Place cells respond to geographic space, features of things and are more active when there is a reward

34
Q

How do place cells get their info?

A

Grid cells
Head direction cells (head rotations)
Border neurons
*all feed input to the place cells that tell it about the space you are in

35
Q

What are grid cells? How doe they help with retrieval?

A

Creates grid of the space in entorhinal cortex
Used as anchor/scaffold of a memory during retrieval (when I learned this I was in this room sitting on a wooden table etc.)

36
Q

What are border neurons?

A

Fire when close to borders in the space (there’s a wall there stop walking)

(OMS1) Neuro exam 3 (14 decks)

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