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BSP Exam I > Neurophysiology of Emotion > Flashcards

Neurophysiology of Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Dopamine is synthesized in the neuronal cell bodies of the _____ ____ and the ______ _____ _____

A

Substantia nigra; ventral tegmental area

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2
Q

The synthesis of dopamine starts with _______. Dopamine is the first functional NT made in the process, although other neurons will take dopamine and make ______ and finally _____ from it

A

Tyrosine; NE; E

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3
Q

There are 5 receptor subtypes for dopamine, although they divide into D1-like and D2-like receptors.

The D1 like receptors include _____ and ______, which are metabotropic receptors connected to a _____ protein. This generally leads to _______ of the neuron with the D1-like receptor on it

A

D1; D5
Gs
Excitation

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4
Q

There are 5 receptor subtypes for dopamine, although they divide into D1-like and D2-like receptors.

The D1 like receptors include ______, _____ and ______, which are metabotropic receptors connected to a _____ protein. This generally leads to _______ of the neuron with the D1-like receptor on it

A

D2, D3, D4

Gi

Inhibition

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5
Q

The _______ system is unlike the neocortex in that many of the associated cortical areas have only 3 cell layers

A

Limbic

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6
Q

Important regions of the limbic system that lie above the corpus callosum; parts of it only have 3 layers but other parts are considered transitional to the neocortex and show more discernable layers

A

Cingulate gyrus and associated cortex

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7
Q

Important region of the limbic system located in the medial temporal lobe; considered paleocortex

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

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8
Q

Important part of the limbic system located just rostral to the hippocampus in the anteromedial portion of the temporal lobe; subdivided into multiple subnuclei that play different roles in the coordination of emotional responses

A

Amygdala

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9
Q

3 inputs from motor control to the basal ganglia

A
  1. Dopaminergic via the substantia nigra pars compacta into the striatum
  2. EAA from the corticostriate pathways
  3. ACh via intrastriatal cholinergic system
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10
Q

3 nuclei associated with the striatum of the basal ganglia

A

Caudate

Putamen

Ventral striatum (aka nucleus accumbens)

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11
Q

What is the general purpose of activation of the direct pathway by dopamine?

A

Activation of the direct pathway by dopamine allows for motion to occur

[Striatal neurons of this pathway express D1 receptors and are excited by dopamine. In the presence of dopamine, axons travel to the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the globus pallidus external segment and release GABA, inhibiting them. The axons from the substantia nigra pars reticulata and GPe travel to the thalamus where they release GABA. In the presence of dopamine in the striatum, these neurons are inhibited and release less GABA in the thalamus. This allows the thalamic neurons to depolarize and their axons will now release EAA into the cortex. This cortical excitation allows motion to occur]

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12
Q

Activation of the indirect pathway by _____ or ______ is inhibitory to motion

A

EAA; ACh

[striatal neurons of the indirect pathway express EAA, nAChR, and D2 receptors]

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13
Q

An axon travels from the SNPC to the striatum and releases dopamine at its synapse with a neuron of the indirect pathway. What receptor is activated?

A. D1
B. D2
C. D3
D. D4
E. D5
A

B. D2

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14
Q

Which of the following cortical areas are most likely to have 3 layers in the histologic structure?

A. Parahippocampal gyrus/cortex
B. Frontal cortex
C. Occipital cortex
D. Parieto-temporal-occipital association cortex

A

A. Parahippocampal gyrus/cortex

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15
Q

What part of the brain controls emotional behavior and motivational drives?

A

Limbic system

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16
Q

Key player in the limbic system both in terms of experiencing emotion (papez circuit) and organizing physiologic responses associated with it (due to extensive connections with ANS)

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

Role of paraolfactory areas in limbic system

A

Parts of the limbic system deal with olfaction — due to fact that olfaction and emotion are heavily linked

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18
Q

What part of the thalamus plays a role in the limbic system via the papez circuit?

A

Anterior nucleus

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19
Q

What 2 parts of the basal ganglia plays a role in the limbic system?

A

Nucleus accumbens

Putamen

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20
Q

Role of hippocampus in limbic system

A

Role in memory/learning

Important for emotion as part of papez circuit (probably tied to memory rather than emotion)

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21
Q

Part of limbic system long recognized for its role in controlling emotion

A

Amygdala

22
Q

Describe the limbic cortex

A

Mostly paleocortex with 3 cell layers, although some parts do have 6 layers

One important feature is that many neurons show prolonged after-discharge with stimulation - seems to allow for persistence of emotion

23
Q

Input and output of papez circuit

A

Input = sensory information related to emotional content enters the thalamus

Output = cingulate cortex receives information from both the papez circuit and the sensory association cortex

24
Q

Pathway through papez circuit

A

Sensory info related to emotional content enters thalamus

Thalamus directs to 2 areas: sensory cortex and mammillary bodies

sensory cortex includes standard sensory processing then appropriate associating cortex then to anterior cingulate cortex

Mammillary bodies project to anterior thalamus, cingulate cortex, and hippocampus, then back to mammillary body/hypothalams

Then to the cingulate cortex

25
Q

Role of hypothalamus in emotion

A

Involved in production or interpretation of emotion

Involvement with ANS — important for generating physiologic responses associated with emotion

in some cases serves as direct relay to the ANS — exhibits cardiovascular control via medula (e.g., emotions change HR and/or BP)

26
Q

Key player in the brain in terms of recognition and processing of social cues related to fear in addition to emotional conditioning to fear

A

Amygdala

27
Q

T/F: emotional conditioning to fear occurs in the amygdala and is dependent upon declarative memory in the hippocampus

A

False — it occurs in the amygdala and is NOT dependent on declarative memory formation in the hippocampus

28
Q

There are 2 types of fear, innate and learned (conditioned). For learned fear, input arrives at the _____ ____ of the amygdala.

The 2 pathways for sensory input are the ____________ pathway and ________ pathway

A

Lateral nucleus

Direct thalamo-amygdaloid pathway; indirect thalamocortical-amygdaloid pathway

29
Q

What is the difference between the direct thalamo-amygdaloid pathway and the indirect thalamocortical-amygdaloid pathway in terms of sensory processing of fear?

A

Direct = crude sensory input straight to amygdala, elicits initial/early fear response

Indirect = sensory input subject to interpretation, elicits slower onset fear responses

30
Q

The central nucleus of the amygdala receives info directly from the _____ nucleus and indirectly via the ____ nucleus and intercalated nucleus

A

Lateral; basal

31
Q

The central nucleus of the amygdala relays fear info to the parts of the brain that produce various physiologic responses associated with fear. What are 2 areas that do this?

A

Lateral hypothalamus — autonomic responses associated with fear (pupil dilation, increase HR, etc)

Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus — endocrine response to fear (primarily cortisol)

32
Q

What part of the brain deals with sadness?

A

Lower sector of the anterior cingulate cortex

33
Q

Anger is often studied as an opposing pair: rage/placidity.

The primary anatomic substrate is the ______, a lesion of which leads to placidity unless the ______ nucleus of the _______ is also lesioned in which case the result would be rage

A

Amygdala; ventromedial; hypothalamus

34
Q

The ability of the amygdala to recognize anger in faces requires intact _____ signaling

A

Dopaminergic

35
Q

3 brain areas involved in inhibition of rage

A

Neocortex

Ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei

Septal nuclei

36
Q

2 brain areas involved in disgust

A

Insular cortex

Putamen

37
Q

2 functional divisions of the anterior cingulate cortex

A

Ventral = affective

Dorsal = cognitive

38
Q

Role of anterior cingulate cortex in higher processing of emotion

A

Integration of visceral, attentional, and emotional input

Regulation of affect

Top-down control (refers to communication from cortex to limbic structures); means by which we control our emotions

Also how we monitor or detect conflicts between our functional state and new info that has potentially affective or motivational consequences

[NOT involved in changing what we want to do, only detecting possibility]

Connects to prefrontal cortex

39
Q

2 divisions of prefrontal cortex include ventromedial and dorsolateral. What is the role of the ventromedial division?

A

Reciprocal connections with amygdala, hippocampus, temporal visual association cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Phylogenetically older than other division

Affective control

40
Q

2 divisions of prefrontal cortex include ventromedial and dorsolateral. What 3 areas does the dorsolateral division have reciprocal connections with?

A

Motor control areas — basal ganglia, premotor, supplementary motor cortex

Cingulate cortex, particularly parts related to performance monitoring

Higher order sensory inputs (associative cortex)

41
Q

Neurons in the prefrontal cortex include external and internal — what is the difference in their activity?

A

External — active when behavior is observed

Internal — active when behavior is generated

42
Q

One view of the role of the prefrontal cortex is reward processing, which is located in the _____ region, involved in learning the emotional and motivational value of a stimulus. With the ______, it links a new stimulus to “primary” rewards like food, drink, sex, etc

A

Orbitofrontal; amygdala

43
Q

One view of the role of the prefrontal cortex is integration of body signals conveying emotion. This is based on indirect input of __________. The prefrontal cortex integrates this info with the social and cognitive cues, and interprets all this to arrive at emotion, allowing decisions when logical analysis is insufficient

A

Interoceptors

44
Q

Area of the brain believed to send bias signals that guide behavior by making certain behaviors/emotions less likely and is thought to be especially related to delayed gratification

A

Prefrontal cortex

45
Q

The prefrontal cortex seems to have hemispheric division of labor — what is the difference between the right PFC and the left PFC?

A

Right PFC — behavioral inhibition/withdrawal

Left PFC — approach-related (behavior facilitation)

46
Q

After spending a couple of hours programming a simulation, the computer Dr. K is using suddenly shuts down without saving the program. In her ensuing rage, she notices that her heart rate has increased dramatically. What part of the brain is responsible for this?

A. Anterior cingulate cortex
B. Hypothalamus
C. Parahippocampal gyrus
D. Ventral tegmental area

A

B. Hypothalamus

47
Q

A research subject shows activation of the direct thalamoamygdaloid pathway and the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. What emotion do they report?

A. Anger
B. Fear of falling
C. Rapid onset of fear
D. Disgust

A

C. Rapid onset of fear

48
Q

Lesions of the insular cortex and putamen will abolish the ability of a person to experience/identify which of the following emotions?

A. Anger
B. Surprise
C. Fear
D. Disgust

A

D. Disgust

49
Q

In what area of the brain is there a region with 2 populations of neurons - one that is active when a behavior is observed, the other when the behavior occurs internally?

A. Amygdala
B. Anterior cingulate cortex
C. Prefrontal cortex
D. Primary visual cortex

A

C. Prefrontal cortex

50
Q

Functional imaging shows a subject is experiencing increased activation of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, the septal nuclei, and widespread areas of the neocortex. What is happening in this individual?

A. Conditioning of a fear-provoking event
B. Intense pleasure
C. Sadness
D. Suppression of anger

A

D. Suppression of anger

51
Q

Where do the dopaminergic inputs to the nucleus accumbens arise from?

A. Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
B. Substantia nigra pars compacta
C. Substantia nigra pars reticulata
D. Internal segment of the globus pallidus

A

A. Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

BSP Exam I (9 decks)

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