Neurophysiology - Circuitry Flashcards
Executive Functions (4)
Group of cognitive operations supported by overlapping neural networks, essential for managing information and oneself.
- Attention
- Working memory
- Self control
- Response inhibition (inhibitory control)
Areas related to inhibitory control
Cingulate, prefrontal, parietal and temporal areas. Including: PFC (dlPFC), dACC, right amygdala/hippocampus(AM/HPC), precuneus(parietal lobe), right anterior insula(r aINS) with the right hemisphere as more dominant.
Categories of Attention (5)
Alertness
Sustained attention
Vigilance
Selective and divided attention
Visuospatial selective attention
Categories of Attention - Alertness
Level of phasic arousal. Ability to notice changes in environment despite doing something.
Categories of Attention - Sustained Attention
Long term signal search. Ability to pay attention and be focused.
Categories of Attention - Vigilance
Long term monotone visual search. Ability to follow a signal and notice change (visual usually).
Categories of Attention - Selective and Divided Attention
Selecting and dividing the attentional focus between variable targets (dual task). Ability to do(not focus) more than one thing at a time.
Skill lost in aCC damage.
Categories of Attention - Visuospatial Selective Attention
Spatial variation of focus, without losing memory (WM) of the already searched space. Shifting focus to analyze, then going back.
Attention Control (6)
Intraparietal sulcus (IPS)
Frontal Eye Field (FEF)
Posterior inferior Parietal Cortex (piPC)
Hippocampus (HPC)
Amygdala (AM)
Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
Attention Control - Intraparietal Sulcus
Bilateral
Orientation of target relative position in environment. Creates maps to make info relevant.
Attention Control - Frontal Eye Field
Bilateral.
aCC(left) - dlPFC(right) - dmPFC
Goal-directed focus. Detects things relevant to achieving goals.
Attention Control - Posterior Inferior Parietal Cortex
Right.
Shift of attention to novelty(something new) in the environment.
Attention Control - Hippocampus
Left.
Episodic memory. Description of how things are.
(right side engaged in memory of the space).
Attention Control - Amygdala
Bilateral.
Detection of threats.
Attention Control - Supplementary Motor Area
Right.
Assist in the detection of novelty input received from IPS. What environment am I operating in.
Inattention Blindness
Two visual/auditory stimuli are presented simultaneously, leading one of them to be erased. Can also occur during mind wondering.
Focusing on one thing but when irrelevant input arrives we ignore it.
Change Blindness
Failure to notice changes when comparing two alternating static visual scenes (sensory anchoring bias). So used to one thing that we ignore changes to it.
Spatial Orientation
Relative self-to-object distance in a time stamp. Where things/my body is in space.
Spatial Navigation
Application of perception of self in space, as self-to-object relative distances, with the purpose of functioning in the environment. Applying orientation to an environment.
Areas Related to Spatial Navigation (4)
Posterior inferior and superior Parietal cortex (piPC/psPC)
Hippocampus (HPC)
V1, 2, 3
Frontal Eye Field (FEF)
Spatial Navigation - Posterior inferior and superior Parietal Cortex (piPC, psPC)
Formation and storage of metric egocentric representation. The space I’m in right now.
Spatial Navigation - Hippocampus
Right.
Storage and retrieval of metric allocentric representation. Memory of how a space was.
Spatial Navigation - V1, 2, 3
Bilateral.
Input acquisition and decoding. V2,3 give depth/distance info.
Spatial Navigation - Frontal Eye Field
Bilateral.
Virtual representation of body/space. Tell me how to react quickly to changes in space.
Numeric Representation and Abstraction (12)
Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS)
Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)
Pre frontal cortex (PFC)
Anterior cingulate cortex (aCC)
Anterior Insula (aINS)
Hippocampus (HPC)
Parahippocampal Gyrus (PHG)
Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
Basal Nuclei (BN)
Ventrolateral Pre Frontal Cortex (vlPFC)
Dorsolateral Pre Frontal Cortex (dlPFC)
Frontal Eye Field (FEF)
Numeric Representation and Abstraction - Intraparietal Sulcus and Inferior Frontal Gyrus
Building blocks to form numbers and quantities.
Numeric Representation and Abstraction - Pre-Frontal Cortex
Interpretation of meaning. Do I need help with this quantity.
Numeric Representation and Abstraction - Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Attentional Control
Numeric Representation and Abstraction - Anterior Insula
Right: concept of quantities and numbers.
Left: understanding of semantics and calculation rules - adding/subtracting.
Numeric Representation and Abstraction - Hippocampus + Parahippocampal Gyrus
Right.
Information about events in space and time. We imagine numbers in space.
Numeric Representation and Abstraction - Supplementary Motor Area, Basal Nuclei, ventrolateral Pre-Frontal Cortex, dorsolateral Pre-Frontal Cortex, Frontal Eye Field
SMA: right. Operating in space.
BN: left. Regulating sytems.
vlPFC: left. dlPFC: lefts. Visualize even if you are not seeing.
FEF: bilateral. Visualize environment.
Adaptive and Social Behavior (9)
dorsolateral Pre-Frontal Cortex (dlPFC)
dorsomedial Pre-Frontal Cortex (dmPFC)
ventrolateral Pre-Frontal Cortex (vlPFC)
ventromedial Pre-Frontal Cortex (vmPFC)
anterior Cingulate Cortex (aCC)
anterior Insula (aINS)
Hippocampus (HPC)
Parahippocampal Gyrus (PHG)
Amygdala (AM)
Regulation of Movement - Regulatory System
Responsible for balancing inhibitory and excitatory activity in the CNS, including hypothalamic/hypophyseal activity, that will play a role in regulating body functions through hormones. The system itself also needs to be self-regulated.
Regulatory Loops (3) - Neurotransmitters (3)
Basal Nuclei loops involved in regulation of movement and behavior. Operate with 3 main neurotransmitters:
Glutamate +
Dopamine +/-
GABA -
- Motor loop
- Associative loop
- Limbic loop
Regulatory Loops - Motor Loop
Involved in the regulation of voluntary movement (speed, precision).
BN -> THA -> PMC/SMA/M1 -> BN
Regulatory Loops - Associative Loop
Involved in regulating the intensity of perceived sensory inputs according to a context.
BN -> THA -> dlPFC/psPC/piPC -> BN
How perceived action affects goal directed behavior.
Regulatory Loops - Limbic Loop
Involved in the regulation of social behavior and goal-directed actions.
BN -> THA -> medial PFC/vmPFC -> BN
What does it mean to reach a goal.
