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Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Located in or near the effector organs

A

Parasympathetic Ganglia

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2
Q

Located in the paravertebral ganglia

A

Sympathetic Ganglia

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3
Q

Preganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system

A

T1-L3 spinal cord, thoracolumbar region

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4
Q

Preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic nervous system

A

originate in nuclei of cranial nerves and in spinal cord segments S2-4 or craniosacral region

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5
Q

Chromaffin cells

A

80% epinephrine

20% norepinephrine

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6
Q

short preganglionic nerve axon

A

sympathetic

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7
Q

long preganglionic nerve axon

A

parasympathetic

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8
Q

long postganglionic nerve axon

A

sympathetic

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9
Q

short postganglionic nerve axon

A

parasympathetic

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10
Q

NT for sympathetics ub effector organs

A

NE, except in sweat glands, it is ACh

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11
Q

Alpha-1 (Gen overview)

A

sympathetic, smooth muscle, Gq, increases IP3/Ca

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12
Q

Alpha-2 (Gen overview)

A

sympathetic, GI tract, Gi, decreases cAMP

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13
Q

Beta-1 (Gen overview)

A

sympathetic, heart, Gs, increases cAMP

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14
Q

Beta-2 (Gen overview)

A

Sympathetic, smooth muscle (lungs), Gs, increases cAMP

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15
Q

Nm (N1) (Gen overview)

A

Cholinergic, skeletal muscle, opens Na/K channels

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16
Q

Nn (N2) (Gen overview)

A

Cholinergic, autonomic ganglia, opens Na/K channels

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17
Q

M1 (Gen overview)

A

Cholinergic, CNS, Gq, increased IP3/Ca

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18
Q

M2 (Gen overview)

A

Cholinergic, Heart, Gi, decreases cAMP

inhibitory to heart

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19
Q

M3 (Gen overview)

A

Cholinergic, Glands & Sm Muscle, Gq, increase IP3/Ca

excitatory in sm muscle and glands

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20
Q

Radial muscle of Iris

A

alpha-1 receptor

equally sensitive to epinephrine and NE but only NE is released from these neurons

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21
Q

platelets and fat cells

A

Alpha-2 receptor, produce inhibition

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22
Q

bronchial smooth muscle

A

Beta-2 receptors, cause relaxation, more sensitive to epinephrine

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23
Q

Relaxation of Bladder Wall

A

Beta-2 Receptors

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24
Q

In autonomic ganglia of sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

A 
N2 receptor (Nn)
also found in adrenal medulla
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25
Q

Receptor in NMJ

A

N1 (Nm)

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26
Q

alpha-1 agonist

A

NE, phenylephrine

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27
Q

alpha-1 antagonist

A

Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Prazosin

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28
Q

alpha-2 agonist

A

clonidine

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29
Q

alpha-2 antagonist

A

Yohimbe

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30
Q

Beta-1 Agonst

A

NE, Isoproterenol, Dobutamine

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31
Q

Beta-1 Antagonist

A

Propranolol, Metoprolol

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32
Q

Beta-2 agonist

A

isoproterenol and albuterol

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33
Q

Beta-2 antagonist

A

propranolol and butuxamine

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34
Q

Nicotinic Agonist

A

ACh, Nicotine, Carbachol

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35
Q

Nictonic Antagonist

A

Curare and Hexamethonium (ganglion not NMJ)

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36
Q

Muscarinic Agonist

A

ACh, Muscarine, Carbachol

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37
Q

Muscarinic Antagonist

A

Atropine

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38
Q

Receptor to increase HR, contractility, and AV node conduction

A

Beta-1 (sympathetic)

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39
Q

Receptor that contricts BV in skin and splanchnic

A

alpha-1 (sympathetic)

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40
Q

receptor that dilates BV in skeletal muscles

A

Beta-2 (sympathetic)

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41
Q

Receptor that decreases GI motility

A

alpha-2, beta-2 (sympathetic)

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42
Q

receptor that contricts sphincters in GI tract

A

alpha-1 (sympathetic)

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43
Q

receptor that dilates bronchiolar smooth muscle

A

beta-2 (sympathetic)

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44
Q

ejaculation receptor

A

alpha (sympathetic)

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45
Q

Receptor that relaxes bladder wall

A

beta-2 (sympathetic)

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46
Q

Receptor that constricts bladder sphincter

A

alpha-1 (sympathetic)

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47
Q

Receptor that increases sweating

A

M (sympathetic cholinergic)

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48
Q

Receptor that increases renin secretion

A

beta-1 (sympathetic)

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49
Q

Receptor that increases lipolysis

A

beta-1 (sympathetic)

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50
Q

Receptor that decreases HR, Contractility and AV node conduction

A

M2 (parasympathetic)

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51
Q

Receptor that increases GI motility and relaxes GI sphincters

A

M3 (parasympathetic)

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52
Q

Receptor that constricts bronchiolar smooth muscle

A

M3 (parasympathetic)

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53
Q

erection receptor

A

M (parasympathetic)

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54
Q

Receptor that contracts bladder wall

A

M3

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55
Q

Receptor that relaxes bladder sphincter

A

M3

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56
Q

Autonomic centers in the medulla

A

vasomotor, respiratory, swallowing, coughing and vomiting centers

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57
Q

Autonomic centers in the pons

A

pneumotaxic center

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58
Q

Autonomic centers in the midbrain

A

micturition

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59
Q

Autonomic centers in the hypothalamus

A

temperature regulation center, thirst and food intake

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60
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

pacinian corpuscles, joint receptors, stretch receptors in muscle, hair cells in auditory and vestibular systems, baroreceptors in carotid sinus

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61
Q

Photoreceptors

A

rods and cones of the retina

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62
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Olfactory, taste, osmoreceptors, carotid body with O2 receptors

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63
Q

Nociceptors

A

extreme pain and temperature

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64
Q

A fiber - Ia

A

muscle spindle afferents, largest diameter, fastest, motor neuron

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65
Q

A fiber - Ib

A

golgi tendon organs, largest diameter and fastest

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66
Q

A fiber - II

A

touch and pressure, secondary afferent of muscle spindles, medium diameter and medium velocity

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67
Q

intrafusal fibers

A

gamma-MN, medium diameter and medium velocity

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68
Q

III (A-delta)

A

touch, pressure, fast pain, and temperature - small diameter, medium conduction velocity

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69
Q

B fibers

A

Preganglionic autonomic fibers, small diameter and medium conduction velocity

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70
Q

C fibers- IV

A

Slow pain; postganglionic autonomic fibers, smallest diameter and slowest conduction velocity

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71
Q

Onion like structures in the subcutaneous skin surrounding unmyelinated nerve endings

A

Pacinian Corpuscle, vibration and tapping, rapidly adapting

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72
Q

Receptor present in nonhairy skin

A

Meissner’s corpuscle, senses velocity, rapidly adapting

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73
Q

Encapsulated mechanoreceptor that senses pressure

A

Ruffini’s corpuscle, slowly adapting

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74
Q

Transducer is on epithelial cells, senses location

A

Merkel’s Disk, slowly adapting

75
Q

Substance P

A

NT for nociceptor, relief from opiods

76
Q

Emmetropia

A

normal eye sight, light focuses on the retina

77
Q

Hypertropia

A

far-sighted, light focuses behind the retina, correct with a convex lens

78
Q

Myopia

A

near-sighted, light focuses in front of the retina, correct with a biconcave lens

79
Q

Astigmatism

A

curvature of lens is not uniform, correct with cylindric lens

80
Q

Presbyopia

A

loss of accommodation power of lens that occurs with aging.

correct with a convex lens

81
Q

Layers of Retina

A

Pigment layer, photorecptor layer, external limiting layer, outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, ganglion layer, optic nerve,

82
Q

Layer of retina that converts 11-cis to all-trans retinal

A

pigment epithelial cells

83
Q

Layer with rods and cones

A

Receptor cell layer

84
Q

Fovea

A

highest acuity, ratio of cones to bipolar cells is 1:1

85
Q

high acuity, less sensitivity

A

Cones - color, adapt first in dark

86
Q

low acuity, high sensitivty

A

Rods - night vision, adapt later in dark

87
Q

form local circuits with the bipolar cells

A

horizontal and amacrine cells

88
Q

Cutting Optic nerve

A

causes blindness is IL eye

89
Q

Cutting the Optic Chiasm

A

causes heteronymous bitemporal hemianopia

TUNNEL VISION

90
Q

Cutting Optic Tract

A

causes homonymous CL hemianopia

meaning if you cut the righ toptic tract you can’t see out of the left sides of both eyes

91
Q

Cutting the geniculocalcarine tract

A

homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

meaning, cut the left GC tract and will not see out of right side of eye but can see the middle dot of visual field

92
Q

Necessary for regeneration of 11-cis retinal

93
Q

On-center, Off-surround

A

light striking the center of the receptive field depolarizes (excites)the ganglion cell, light striking surround of receptive field hyperpolarizes(inhibits) the ganglion cell.
reverse for Off-center, On-surround

94
Q

Visual Cx - Simple cells

A

respond best to bars of light that have the correct position and orientation

95
Q

Visual Cx - Complex Cells

A

respond best to moving bars or edges of light with correct orientation

96
Q

Visual Cx - Hypercomplex cells

A

respond best to line with particular length and to curves and angles

97
Q

measurement of frequency

98
Q

measurement of intensity

99
Q

air filled part of ear

A

Middle ear, contains tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles

100
Q

fluid filled part of ear

A

Inner ear, semicircular canals, cochlea, and vestibule

101
Q

stapes insert on

A

Oval window, the membrane between middle and inner ear

102
Q

Perilymph

A

scala vestibuli and scala tympani - high in Sodium

103
Q

Scala media

A

contains endolymph, which has a high K

Bordered by basilar membrane - site of organ of Corti

104
Q

Hair cells arranged in single rows and are few in number

A

Inner hair cells on the organ of Corti

105
Q

Hair cells arranged in parallel rows and are greater in number

A

Outer Hair cells on the organ of Corti

106
Q

Spiral ganglion

A

Contains the cell bodies of the auditory nerve (CNVIII), which synapse on hair cells

107
Q

Bending of cilia

A

K+ conductance, in 1 direction will hyperpolarizes, in the opposite will depolarize

108
Q

Base of basilar membrane

A

High Frequencies

109
Q

Apex of Basilar membrane

A

Low Frequencies, near the helicotrema

110
Q

Medial Geniculate

111
Q

detect angular acceleration and rotation

A

semicircular canals - filled with endolymph

112
Q

detect linear acceleration

A

saccule and utricle

113
Q

Kinocilium

A

single long cilum associated with vestibular system

114
Q

Direction of nystagmus

A

the direction of the fast (rapid eye) movement - occurs in the same direction as the head rotation

115
Q

Postrotatory nystagmus

A

occur opposite direction of head rotation

116
Q

Olfactory epithelium is innervated by what to detect noxious or painful stimuli

117
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

unmyelinated C fibers, smallest and slowest

118
Q

mitral cells in olfactory bulb

A

out forms the olfactory tract which project to prepiriform Cx

119
Q

G-olf for olfactory receptors

A

activate AC to increase cAMP and open sodium channels

120
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

salty and sweet, anterior 2/3 of tongue, innervated by CN VII (chorda tympani)

121
Q

Circumvallate and Foliate Papillae

A

Sour and Bitter, posterior 1/3 tongue, innervated by CN IX

122
Q

Back of throat and epiglottis

123
Q

Detect muscle tension

A

Golgi tendon organ, group Ib fibers arranged in series with extrafusal muscle fibers

124
Q

detects static and dynamic changes in muscle length

A

Muscle Spindles, group Ia and II, parallel with extrafusal fibers

125
Q

Provide force for muscle contraction

A

Extrafusal fibers, innervated by alpha-MN

126
Q

innervated by gamma-MN

A

intrafusal fibers
are encapsulated in sheaths to form muscle spindles
Include: nuclear bag & nuclear chain

127
Q

detect rate of change in muscle length

A

Nuclear bag fibers (nuclei collect in bag region)

innervated by Ia fibers

128
Q

detect static changes in muscle length

A

Nuclear chain fibers (nuclei are in rows)

innervated by II fibers

129
Q

Knee Jerk

A

Stretch (myotactic) reflex

monosynaptic - response is contraction of muscle after it is stretched

130
Q

Golgi Tendon Reflex

A

Disynaptic, relaxation of muscle after stimuli contracts muscles (Ib fibers)

131
Q

After Touching a hot stove

A

Flexor-withdrawal reflex - polysynaptic, stimulus is pain

causes IL flexion and CL extension

132
Q

Clasp Knife Reflex

A

exaggerated golgi tendon reflex, dx of corticospinal tracts

133
Q

Renshaw Cells

A

Inhibitory cells in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

134
Q

Stimulation of flexors and inhibition of extensors

A

Rubrospinal tract, stimulation of red nucleus

135
Q

Stimulatory effect on both extensors and flexors but primarily extensors

A

Pontine reticulospinal tract

136
Q

Inhibitory effect on both extensors and flexors, predominant effect on extensors

A

Medullary Reticulospinal tract

137
Q

Originates on Dieter’s nucleus

A

Lateral Vestibulospinal tract - stimulates extensors and inhibits flexors

138
Q

tectospinal tract

A

originates in superior colliculus - controls neck muscles

139
Q

Transection at C7

A

loss of sympathetic tone to the heart. HR and arterial pressure will decrease

140
Q

Transection at C3

A

Stops breathing

141
Q

Transection at C1

A

Hanging - death

142
Q

Lesion above Lateral Vestibular Nucleus

A

Decerebrate rigidity because removal of inhibition from higher centers

143
Q

Lesion above pontine reticular formation but below midbrain

A

Decerebrate rigidity

144
Q

Lesions above the red nucleus

A

Decorticate posture and intact tonic neck reflexes

145
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

control of balance and eye movement

146
Q

Pontocerebellum

A

planning and initiation of movement

147
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

synergy, control of rate, force, range, and direction of movement

148
Q

Granular Layer of cerebellar Cx

A

innermost layer, contains granule cells, golgi type II cells, and glomeruli (axons of mossy fibers)

149
Q

Purkinje Cell Layer of Cerebellar Cx

A

middle layer, output is always inhibitory

150
Q

Molecular Layer of Cerebellar Cx

A

outermost layer, contains stellate and basket cells, dendrites of Purkinje and Golgi type II cells, and parallel fibers

151
Q

Climbing Fibers

A

Comes from inferior olive of medulla, high frequency bursts or complex spikes, role in cerebellar motion learning

152
Q

Only output of cerebellar cortex

A

Purkinje cells - they are always inhibitory (NT is GABA)

153
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia

A

inability to perform rapid alternating movements - cerebellar injury

154
Q

Lesions of globus pallidus

A

inability to maintain postural support

155
Q

Lesions of Subthalamic Nucleus

A

result in wild, flinging movements (hemiballismus) on CL side

156
Q

Lesions of the striatum

A

quick, continuous, and uncontrollable movements

huntington

157
Q

Lesions of Substantia Nigra

A

destruction of dopaminergic neurons, Parkinsons

lead-pipe rigidity, tremor, and reduced voluntary movement

158
Q

Responsible for generating a plan for movement

A

premotor cortex and supplementary Cx (area 6)

159
Q

Responsible for the execution of movement

A

Primary motor cortex (area 4)

160
Q

Jacksonian seizures

A

epileptic events in the primary motor cortex

161
Q

Awake adults with open eyes

A

beta waves

162
Q

Awake adults with closed eyes

A

alpha waves

163
Q

suprachiasmic nucleus

A

associated with circadian rhythm, receives input from the retina

164
Q

what decreases duration of REM sleep?

A

benzodiazepines and increasing age

165
Q

Facial expression, intonation, body language and spatial tasks

A

Right Hemisphere

166
Q

language, lesions here cause aphasia

A

Left hemisphere

167
Q

Damage to wernicke’s area

A

causes sensory aphasia, difficult to understand written or spoken language

168
Q

Damage to Broca’s area

A

causes motor aphasia, speech and writing are affected but understanding is intact

169
Q

Short term memory

A

Synaptic Changes

170
Q

Long term memory

A

involve structural changes and is more stable

171
Q

BL lesion of hippocampus

A

block the ability to form new LT memories

172
Q

Heat generating mechanisms in response to cold

A

Thyroid hormone, Shivering, cold temps activate the sympathetic nervous system and activate beta receptors in brown fat to increase metabolic rate and heat production

173
Q

Shivering response to Cold

A

Posterior hypothalamus (this is to make people warm)

174
Q

Heat loss in response to Heat

A

Anterior hypothalamus (this is to cool people off)

175
Q

If the core temperature is below the set point

A

Posterior Hypothalamus is activated (increased metabolism, shivering, vasoconstriction of cutaneous BV)

176
Q

If core temperature is above the set point

A

Anterior hypothalamus is activated (vasodilation of cutaneous BV, increased sympathetic outflow to sweat glands)

177
Q

Pyrogens

A

increase IL-1 and act on anterior hypothalamus to increase prostaglandins which increase the set point temperature

178
Q

Aspirin

A

reduces fever by inhibiting cyclooxygenase thereby inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, decreases the set point temperature

179
Q

Steroids

A

reduce fever by blocking the release of arachidonic acid from brain phospholipids, prevents production of prostaglandins

180
Q

Heat Exhaustion

A

caused by excessive sweating. blood volume and arterial blood pressure decrease and syncope (fainting) occurs

181
Q

Heat Stroke

A

occurs when body temperature increases to the point of tissue damage. The normal response to increased ambient temperature (sweating) is impaired, the core temperature increases further

182
Q

Hypothermia

A

ambient temperature is so low that heat-generating mechanisms cannot adequately maintain core temperature near the set point

183
Q

Malignant Hyperthermia

A

massive increase in oxygen consumption and heat production by skeletal muscle, which causes a rapid rise in body temperature

184
Q

What time is it?

A

Drinkin’ Time

BRS Physio (7 decks)

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