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Physiology MS1 Fall > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

___________is a junction between two neurons

A

synapse

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2
Q

what generates the axon potential in the presynaptic neuron ?

A

axon hillock

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3
Q

______-is the same thing as a local potential

A

graded potential

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4
Q

the synaptic vesicles contain

A

neurotransmitters

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5
Q

where are the receptors for the neurotransmitters located ?

A

post-synaptic membrane

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6
Q

calcium influx through the voltage gated calcium channels is important in allowing what ?

A

vessels to fuse to the membrane and release the neurotransmitter

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7
Q

failure of the influx of calcium at the presynaptic membrane results in

A

failure of neurotransmitter release

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8
Q

what are the two types of receptors on the POSTsynaptic membrane ?

A

ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

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9
Q

what are ionotropic receptors

A

ligand binds, opens the channel and there is a movement of ions down the electrochemical gradient

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10
Q

What are some examples of ionotropic receptors

A

acetylcholine, glutamate, glycine, and GABA

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11
Q

which type of receptor (ionotropic or metabotropic receptors) have a direct affect on the neurotransmitter ?

A

ionotropic receptors

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12
Q

what are metabotropic receptors ?

A

the ligand binds, and activates a G protein and opens a seperate ion channel

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13
Q

what receptor (ionotropic or metabotropic) has a indirect affect on the neutrotransmitter ?

A

metabotropic

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14
Q

_____________ are examples of metabotropic receptors ?

A

acetylcholine muscarining and neurepinephrine

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15
Q

What are the three generalized ways neurotransmitters can be removed ?

A

reuptake into the cell
diffuse away from the synapse
inactivated by enzymes

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16
Q

what happens to choline in a cell ?

A

it is recycled

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17
Q

what happens to acetate when acetylcholine is cleaved ?

A

diffuses away

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18
Q

What are the receptors for a EPSP ?

A

glutamate receptors–AMPA receptors and NMBA receptors

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19
Q

AMPA receptors do what ?

A

increase sodium permeabilty

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20
Q

what does NMDA do

A

increases calcium permeability

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21
Q

and IPSP receptors are

A

glycine and GABA

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22
Q

IPSP cause what to increase in permeability ?

A

chlorine and potassium

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23
Q

a postsynpatic neuron can be brought to threshold by what two processes

A

temporal or spatial summation

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24
Q

(t/f) one EPSP can illicit an action potential

A

NO it is never strong enough!

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25
Q

temporal summation

A

stimulate A over and over and over again with short amount of time inbetween. second EPSP will add to first and so on!

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26
Q

spatial summation

A

stimulate A and B resulting in a greater graded potential-action potential

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27
Q

what neurotransmitter is most often associated with being a presynaptic inhibitor

A

GABA (opens chloride channels)

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28
Q

____________decreases neuron excitability

A

acidosis

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29
Q

alkalosis increases or decreases neuron excitabilty

A

increases

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30
Q

what are the two receptors that are know to be inhibitory

A

glycine and GABA

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31
Q

________is a major excitatory amino acid NT

A

glutamate

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32
Q

glutamate minds NMDA and

A

calciun increased and sodium increased

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33
Q

glutamate binds AMPA and

A

sodium is increased

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34
Q

GABA binds GABA a

A

chlorine increased

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35
Q

GABA bindds GABAb

A

potassium increased

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36
Q

glycine causes

A

increased chlorine

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37
Q

equilibirum potential for sodium

A

positive 65

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38
Q

equilibirum potential for calcium is

A

positive 120mv

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39
Q

equilibrium potential for potassium is

A

-85 mv

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40
Q

equilibrium potential for chlorine is

A

-85mv

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41
Q

preganglionic neurons in the CNS are

A

myelinated

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42
Q

postganglionic neurons in the CNS are

A

ummyelinated

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43
Q

oculomotor innervates

A

ciliary and sphincter pupillae

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44
Q

facial nerve innervates

A

sublingual, submandibular, and lacrimal gland

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45
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve innervates

A

parotid gland

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46
Q

vagus nerve innervates

A

stomach, heart, pancreas, small intestine, bronchioles and part of the large intestine and the pancreas

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47
Q

what are the cells called of the adrenal medualla

A

chromaffin cells

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48
Q

the chromaffin cells are innervated by

A

preganglionic sypmathetic fibers

49
Q

how much epinephrine is secreted by the chromaffin cells

A

80% the rest is 20%

50
Q

adrenergic neurons release _________ as the NT

A

NE

51
Q

cholinergic neurons release

A

acetylcholine

52
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic NT and receptor

A

acetylcholine nicotinic

53
Q

parasympathetic postganglionic NT and receptor

A

actylchloline muscarinic receptor

54
Q

sympathetic preganglionic

A

acteylcholine and nicotinic receptors

55
Q

sympathetic postganglionic

A

NE alpha1,2 and beta 1,2 receptors

56
Q

adrenal gland preganglionic sympathetics

A

acetylcholine, nicotinic

57
Q

somatic nervous system axons

A

acetylcholine, nicotinic

58
Q

alpha 1 is found

A

vascular smooth muscle of skin, GI bladder sphincters, and radial muscle of iris

59
Q

alpha 2 is found

A

GI tract

60
Q

beta 1 is found

A

heart

61
Q

alpha 1 is

A

excitatory

62
Q

alpha 2 is

A

inhibitory (relaxation and dilation)

63
Q

beta 1 is

A

excitatory

64
Q

beta 2 receptors are found

A

on vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle, broncioal smooth muscle and walls of GI tract and bladder

65
Q

beta 2 are

A

relaxatory

66
Q

_________are located on the autonomic ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and at the neuromuscular junctions

A

nicotinic

67
Q

nicotinic receptors are

A

excitatory

68
Q

__________are found in the heart, smooth muscle and glands

A

muscarinic

69
Q

_________are excitatory to smooth msucle and glands (increased gI motility increased secretion) parasympathetic

A

muscarinic

70
Q

action of beta 1 on the heart

A

increased heart rate, contractility and Av node contraction

71
Q

action of alpha 1 on blood vessels

A

constricts

72
Q

action of beta 2 on blood vessels

A

dilates

73
Q

alpha 2 and beta 2 do what ot GI tract

A

decreased motility

74
Q

alpha 1 at GI

A

constricts sphincters

75
Q

beta 2 at the bladder

A

relaxes bladder

76
Q

alpha 1 at the bladder

A

constricts sphincter

77
Q

what receptors are at the sweat glands

A

sympathetic cholinergic

78
Q

sympathetics cause increased or decreased sweating

A

sweating

79
Q

alpha 1 at the eye

A

dilates pupil

80
Q

___________is secreted by all preganglionic neurons

A

acetylcholine

81
Q

what is released from parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A

acetylcholine

82
Q

what is released from sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervated sweat glands

A

acetylcholine

83
Q

what type of fibers is NE secreted by

A

adrenergic

84
Q

NE is found at

A

sympathetic postganglionic neurons and at the adrenal medulla

85
Q

nictonic receptors are found

A

autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction and adrenal medulla

86
Q

muscarninc receptors are found

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

87
Q

sweat glands innervated by ____ type of receptors

A

muscarininc from preganglionic parasympathetic

88
Q

alpha 1 is

A

excitatory

89
Q

alpha 2

A

inhibitory

90
Q

beta 1

A

excitatory

91
Q

beta 2

A

relaxation

92
Q

what receptor is responsible for dialation of bronchioles in the lung

A

beta 2 adrenergic

93
Q

what receptro is responsible for vasoconstriction in the viscera and skin

A

alpah 1 adrenergic

94
Q

enzymes that break down NE

A

monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyltransferase

95
Q

catechol-methyltransferse is found in the

A

postsynpatic cell

96
Q

MAO is found in

A

presynaptic cell

97
Q

two mechanisms for epinephrine termination

A

COMT or diffuses away

98
Q

beta 1 in the heart sympathetic effect

A

increases HR and contractility

99
Q

muscarininc in heart

A

decreased HR and contractility

100
Q

alpha 1 in skin

A

vasoconstriction

101
Q

beta 2 in bronchioles

A

bronchodilation

102
Q

muscarinic in bronchioles

A

bronchoconstriction

103
Q

alpha 1 internal anal sphincter

A

contraction

104
Q

muscarning internal anal sphincter

A

relazation

105
Q

beta 2 GI wall

A

relaxed

106
Q

muscarinic GI wall

A

contraction

107
Q

sweat glands

A

muscarninc

108
Q

alpha 1

A

dialator pupillae

109
Q

muscarinic

A

sphincter pupillae

110
Q

what organs are typically without dual innervation

A

adrenal medulla, sweat glands and MOST BLOOD VESSELS

111
Q

aortic arch innervated by

A

vagus nerve

112
Q

carotid sinus innervated by

A

glossopharyngeal n

113
Q

_________controlls BP, heart rate, respiration and swallowing

A

medulla oblongata

114
Q

___________controls micturition and secondary controller of respiation

A

pons

115
Q

_________controls sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A

hypothalamus

116
Q

what is the action of botox

A

blocks acetylcholine release

117
Q

organophosphates and sarin block

A

acetylcholinesterase (Ach termination enzyme)

118
Q

___is an antagonist to acetylcholine muscarinic receptors

A

atropine

Physiology MS1 Fall (1 decks)

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