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Physiology MS1 Fall > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

___________is a junction between two neurons

A

synapse

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2
Q

what generates the axon potential in the presynaptic neuron ?

A

axon hillock

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3
Q

______-is the same thing as a local potential

A

graded potential

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4
Q

the synaptic vesicles contain

A

neurotransmitters

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5
Q

where are the receptors for the neurotransmitters located ?

A

post-synaptic membrane

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6
Q

calcium influx through the voltage gated calcium channels is important in allowing what ?

A

vessels to fuse to the membrane and release the neurotransmitter

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7
Q

failure of the influx of calcium at the presynaptic membrane results in

A

failure of neurotransmitter release

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8
Q

what are the two types of receptors on the POSTsynaptic membrane ?

A

ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

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9
Q

what are ionotropic receptors

A

ligand binds, opens the channel and there is a movement of ions down the electrochemical gradient

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10
Q

What are some examples of ionotropic receptors

A

acetylcholine, glutamate, glycine, and GABA

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11
Q

which type of receptor (ionotropic or metabotropic receptors) have a direct affect on the neurotransmitter ?

A

ionotropic receptors

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12
Q

what are metabotropic receptors ?

A

the ligand binds, and activates a G protein and opens a seperate ion channel

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13
Q

what receptor (ionotropic or metabotropic) has a indirect affect on the neutrotransmitter ?

A

metabotropic

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14
Q

_____________ are examples of metabotropic receptors ?

A

acetylcholine muscarining and neurepinephrine

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15
Q

What are the three generalized ways neurotransmitters can be removed ?

A

reuptake into the cell
diffuse away from the synapse
inactivated by enzymes

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16
Q

what happens to choline in a cell ?

A

it is recycled

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17
Q

what happens to acetate when acetylcholine is cleaved ?

A

diffuses away

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18
Q

What are the receptors for a EPSP ?

A

glutamate receptors–AMPA receptors and NMBA receptors

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19
Q

AMPA receptors do what ?

A

increase sodium permeabilty

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20
Q

what does NMDA do

A

increases calcium permeability

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21
Q

and IPSP receptors are

A

glycine and GABA

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22
Q

IPSP cause what to increase in permeability ?

A

chlorine and potassium

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23
Q

a postsynpatic neuron can be brought to threshold by what two processes

A

temporal or spatial summation

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24
Q

(t/f) one EPSP can illicit an action potential

A

NO it is never strong enough!

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25
temporal summation
stimulate A over and over and over again with short amount of time inbetween. second EPSP will add to first and so on!
26
spatial summation
stimulate A and B resulting in a greater graded potential-action potential
27
what neurotransmitter is most often associated with being a presynaptic inhibitor
GABA (opens chloride channels)
28
____________decreases neuron excitability
acidosis
29
alkalosis increases or decreases neuron excitabilty
increases
30
what are the two receptors that are know to be inhibitory
glycine and GABA
31
________is a major excitatory amino acid NT
glutamate
32
glutamate minds NMDA and
calciun increased and sodium increased
33
glutamate binds AMPA and
sodium is increased
34
GABA binds GABA a
chlorine increased
35
GABA bindds GABAb
potassium increased
36
glycine causes
increased chlorine
37
equilibirum potential for sodium
positive 65
38
equilibirum potential for calcium is
positive 120mv
39
equilibrium potential for potassium is
-85 mv
40
equilibrium potential for chlorine is
-85mv
41
preganglionic neurons in the CNS are
myelinated
42
postganglionic neurons in the CNS are
ummyelinated
43
oculomotor innervates
ciliary and sphincter pupillae
44
facial nerve innervates
sublingual, submandibular, and lacrimal gland
45
glossopharyngeal nerve innervates
parotid gland
46
vagus nerve innervates
stomach, heart, pancreas, small intestine, bronchioles and part of the large intestine and the pancreas
47
what are the cells called of the adrenal medualla
chromaffin cells
48
the chromaffin cells are innervated by
preganglionic sypmathetic fibers
49
how much epinephrine is secreted by the chromaffin cells
80% the rest is 20%
50
adrenergic neurons release _________ as the NT
NE
51
cholinergic neurons release
acetylcholine
52
parasympathetic preganglionic NT and receptor
acetylcholine nicotinic
53
parasympathetic postganglionic NT and receptor
actylchloline muscarinic receptor
54
sympathetic preganglionic
acteylcholine and nicotinic receptors
55
sympathetic postganglionic
NE alpha1,2 and beta 1,2 receptors
56
adrenal gland preganglionic sympathetics
acetylcholine, nicotinic
57
somatic nervous system axons
acetylcholine, nicotinic
58
alpha 1 is found
vascular smooth muscle of skin, GI bladder sphincters, and radial muscle of iris
59
alpha 2 is found
GI tract
60
beta 1 is found
heart
61
alpha 1 is
excitatory
62
alpha 2 is
inhibitory (relaxation and dilation)
63
beta 1 is
excitatory
64
beta 2 receptors are found
on vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle, broncioal smooth muscle and walls of GI tract and bladder
65
beta 2 are
relaxatory
66
_________are located on the autonomic ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and at the neuromuscular junctions
nicotinic
67
nicotinic receptors are
excitatory
68
__________are found in the heart, smooth muscle and glands
muscarinic
69
_________are excitatory to smooth msucle and glands (increased gI motility increased secretion) parasympathetic
muscarinic
70
action of beta 1 on the heart
increased heart rate, contractility and Av node contraction
71
action of alpha 1 on blood vessels
constricts
72
action of beta 2 on blood vessels
dilates
73
alpha 2 and beta 2 do what ot GI tract
decreased motility
74
alpha 1 at GI
constricts sphincters
75
beta 2 at the bladder
relaxes bladder
76
alpha 1 at the bladder
constricts sphincter
77
what receptors are at the sweat glands
sympathetic cholinergic
78
sympathetics cause increased or decreased sweating
sweating
79
alpha 1 at the eye
dilates pupil
80
___________is secreted by all preganglionic neurons
acetylcholine
81
what is released from parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
acetylcholine
82
what is released from sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervated sweat glands
acetylcholine
83
what type of fibers is NE secreted by
adrenergic
84
NE is found at
sympathetic postganglionic neurons and at the adrenal medulla
85
nictonic receptors are found
autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction and adrenal medulla
86
muscarninc receptors are found
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
87
sweat glands innervated by ____ type of receptors
muscarininc from preganglionic parasympathetic
88
alpha 1 is
excitatory
89
alpha 2
inhibitory
90
beta 1
excitatory
91
beta 2
relaxation
92
what receptor is responsible for dialation of bronchioles in the lung
beta 2 adrenergic
93
what receptro is responsible for vasoconstriction in the viscera and skin
alpah 1 adrenergic
94
enzymes that break down NE
monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyltransferase
95
catechol-methyltransferse is found in the
postsynpatic cell
96
MAO is found in
presynaptic cell
97
two mechanisms for epinephrine termination
COMT or diffuses away
98
beta 1 in the heart sympathetic effect
increases HR and contractility
99
muscarininc in heart
decreased HR and contractility
100
alpha 1 in skin
vasoconstriction
101
beta 2 in bronchioles
bronchodilation
102
muscarinic in bronchioles
bronchoconstriction
103
alpha 1 internal anal sphincter
contraction
104
muscarning internal anal sphincter
relazation
105
beta 2 GI wall
relaxed
106
muscarinic GI wall
contraction
107
sweat glands
muscarninc
108
alpha 1
dialator pupillae
109
muscarinic
sphincter pupillae
110
what organs are typically without dual innervation
adrenal medulla, sweat glands and MOST BLOOD VESSELS
111
aortic arch innervated by
vagus nerve
112
carotid sinus innervated by
glossopharyngeal n
113
_________controlls BP, heart rate, respiration and swallowing
medulla oblongata
114
___________controls micturition and secondary controller of respiation
pons
115
_________controls sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
hypothalamus
116
what is the action of botox
blocks acetylcholine release
117
organophosphates and sarin block
acetylcholinesterase (Ach termination enzyme)
118
___is an antagonist to acetylcholine muscarinic receptors
atropine

Physiology MS1 Fall (1 decks)

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