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Neuro Phys > Neurophys Final > Flashcards

Neurophys Final Flashcards

0
Q 
The sensory pathway that conducts information about pain is the...
A. Spinocerebellar tract
B. Dorsal column Medial Lemniscus 
C. Lateral spinal thalamic tract
D. Anterior spinal thalamic tract
A

C. Lateral spinal thalamic tract

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1
Q

Corticofugal signals…
A. Are inhibitory signals from the cerebral cortex to the thalamus which decreases the variety of sensory information that is transmitted to the somatosensory cortex.
B. Are sensory signals from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex
C. Are excitatory signals from the cerebral cortex to the thalamus to increase the transmission of all sensory information
D. Decrease the ability of the cerebral cortex to pay close attention to selected sensory information

A

A. Are inhibitory signals from the cerebral cortex to the thalamus which decreases the variety of sensory information that is transmitted to the somatosensory cortex

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2
Q 
A dermatome is the spinal nerves equivalent to the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of sensory neuron.
A. Motor unit
B. Receptive field
C. Integrating center
D. Stimulatory field
A

B. Receptive field

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3
Q

Which of the following functions are lost if there is damage to somatosensory area II, as long as the rest of the neuron system is intact?
A. The ability to perceive any sensory sensations from the skin
B. The ability to recognize complex objects by
touch alone
C. The ability to judge the weight and texture of an object in the hand
D. The ability to identify the region of the body from which the sensation is coming

A

B. The ability to recognize complex objects by

touch alone

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4
Q 
Transmission of aching pain within the Paleospinothalamic pathway is primarily over...
A. A beta fibers
B. A delta fibers
C. A gamma fibers 
D. C fibers
A

D. C fibers

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5
Q

An individual is able to describe the shape, texture, and weight of objects in his right hand but is unable to feel pain in his left hand. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
A. Damage to the corticospinal tract
B. Damage to the left side of his spinal cord
C. Damage to the right side of his spinal cord
D. Damage to both sides of his spinal cord

A

C. Damage to the right side of his spinal cord

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6
Q 
Which of the following sensory modalities can activate pain pathways?
A. Chemoreceptors
B. Thermoreceptors
C. Mechanoreceptors
D. All of the above
A

D. All of the above

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7
Q 
Which of the following molecules increase the sensitivity of pain receptors?
A. Dynorphins
B. Prostaglandins
C. Endorphins
D. Enkephalins
A

B. Prostaglandins

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8
Q

Which of the following statements about pain perception is false?
A. Fast pain is described as dull, aching, poorly localized pain
B. Pain sensations can be activated by a variety of chemicals released by damage cells
C. Pain sensations are activated by cytokines released by the immune system
D. Ischemia causes pain by increasing levels of lactic acid and bradykinin released by cells

A

A. Fast pain is described as dull, aching, poorly localized pain

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9
Q

Hyperalgesia of the body surface can be caused by…
A. Diffusion of substance P from a region of damage cells to a region of undamaged cells
B. Long-term potentiation of the synapse between first order pain fibers in the second order pain fibers in the spinal cord
C. Facilitation of the second order pain fibers by pain sensory neurons from visceral organs
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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10
Q

Which of the following is a false statement about enkephalins and opiate drugs?
A. Activate the pleasure centers of the hypothalamus
B. They increase heart rate and depth of respiration
C. They cause presynaptic inhibition of first order pain neurons
D. They cause postsynaptic inhibition of second order pain neurons

A

B. They increase heart rate and depth of respiration

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11
Q

Sensory information about pain that reaches the thalamus…
A. Can activate emotional and autonomic nervous system responses even if the somatosensory cortex is destroyed
B. Cannot influence any brain functions unless the thalamus projects information to the somatosensory cortex
C. Will be highly localized if the pain sensations were transmitted over the Paleospinal
D. Cannot be perceived as coming from missing body parts

A

A. Can activate emotional and autonomic nervous system responses even if the somatosensory cortex is destroyed

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12
Q 
Pain that is experienced as originating in an arm that was amputated his called...
A. Analgesia
B. Parietal pain
C. Referred pain
D. Phantom pain
A

D. Phantom pain

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13
Q 
Which pain due to damage to visceral organs is perceived as coming from some other autonomic region of the body?
A. Analgesia
B. Anodynia 
C. Referred pain
D. Phantom pain
A

C. Referred pain

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14
Q

Which of the following is correctly matched with its ability to relieve pain?
A. Shaking and injured body part - exerts lateral inhibition on the pain pathway
B. Cold packs - increase blood flow to an injured area
C. Hot packs - decrease inflammation
D. All of the above

A

A. Shaking and injured body part - exerts lateral inhibition on the pain pathway

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15
Q

Which of the following is a false statement about the Paleospinal thalamic tract?
A. It projects information about pain to the reticular activating system
B. A project information to the limbic system and hypothalamus
C. It inhibits the activity of the analgesic system in the PAG (periaqueductal Gray Area)
D. It projects information to the thalamus and somatosensory cortex

A

D. It projects information to the thalamus and somatosensory cortex

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16
Q 
Where are temperature receptors located?
A. In the skin
B. In the spinal cord
C. In the brain
D. All of the above
A

D. All of the above

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17
Q 
Which of the following regions of the brain contains the center for regulation of body temperature? 
A. Pons
B. Hypothalamus
C. Medulla oblongata
D. Cerebral cortex
A

B. Hypothalamus

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18
Q 
Which of the following temperature receptors is most active in the skin when room temperature is a comfortable 70°F (21°C)
A. Cold pain
B. Hot pain
C. Cold
D. Warm
A

C. Cold

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19
Q 
When sarcomeres contract the \_\_\_\_\_\_ shorten.
A. M lines
B. I bands
C. Z lines
D. A bands
A

B. I bands

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20
Q 
Which of the following is a characteristic of slow oxidative fibers?
A. Large stores of glycogen
B. High mitochondrial content
C. Large diameters
D. Large amounts of myosin
A

B. High mitochondrial content

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21
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of fast anaerobic fibers?
A. Small diameters
B. Rich capillary supply
C. Large amounts of sarcoplasmic reticulum
D. Slow calcium pumps

A

C. Large amounts of sarcoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

In skeletal muscle action potentials cause contraction by…
A. Opening calcium ion channels on the T tubules
B. Opening calcium ion channels on the cell membrane a.k.a. sarcolemma
C. Opening calcium ion channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum
D. Activating the production of cAMP to activate a protein kinase

A

C. Opening calcium ion channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

The strength of a skeletal muscle contraction is determined by…
A. The cytoplasmic calcium concentration
B. The number of motor units contracting at the same time
C. The number of actin-myosin bridges formed at any one moment in time
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

24
Q

Which of the following is a false statement about skeletal muscle in normal physiological conditions?
A. It generates heat for the body
B. It can contract without input from neurons
C. It moves objects through space
D. It maintains posture and stabilizes joints

A

C. It moves objects through space

25
Q

Which of the following provides the greatest amount of ATP for contraction during submaximal exercise that lasts for an hour?
A. Muscle stores of ATP
B. Muscle cell stores of creatine phosphate
C. Anaerobic glycolysis
D. The TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

A

D. The TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

26
Q

Anaerobic exercise can cause…
A. Fast anaerobic muscle fibers to become fast oxidative muscle fibers
B. Fast anaerobic muscle fibers to become slow oxidative fibers
C. Slow oxidative fibers to become fast oxidative fibers
D. Fast oxidative fibers to become slow oxidative fibers

A

A. Fast anaerobic muscle fibers to become fast oxidative muscle fibers

27
Q

Which of the following is a true statement about skeletal muscle?
A. It develops the greatest amount of tension when it experiences it’s highest possible frequency of action potentials
B. It can develop the greatest amount of tension when it contracts rapidly
C. It develops the greatest amount of tension when the cytoplasmic calcium levels are low
D. It depends on an activated calcium pump to keep cytoplasmic calcium levels elevated

A

D. It depends on an activated calcium pump to keep cytoplasmic calcium levels elevated

28
Q

Which of the following is a true statement about skeletal muscle treppe?
A. Treppe can only occur when the muscle is not allowed to fully relax
B. The development of treppe requires a very high frequency of action potentials
C. In a sequence of contractions each contraction is stronger than the previous one as a result of both the increase of cytoplasmic calcium levels and the warming of the elastic elements of the muscle
D. The maximal contraction achieved in treppe is much greater than the maximal contraction of achieved in tetany

A

C. In a sequence of contractions each contraction is stronger than the previous one as a result of both the increase of cytoplasmic calcium levels and the warming of the elastic elements of the muscle

29
Q

At which length can skeletal muscle develop the greatest amount of active tension?
A. At a contracted length
B. At a stretched length while still attached to bone
C. At a stretched length after being removed from the body
D. At resting length attached to bone

A

D. At resting length attached to bone

30
Q 
Which of the following is a muscle contraction in which the muscle shortens without changing the amount of tension it's exerting?
A. Concentric 
B. Eccentric
C. Isotonic
D. Isometric
A

C. Isotonic

31
Q

A skeletal muscle motor unit consists of…
A. One muscle fiber and all the motor neurons that innervated
B. All the muscle fibers on one side of a muscle
C. All the skeletal muscles that contract to perform a single body motion
D. One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervate

A

D. One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervate

32
Q

Passive tension that develops during a muscle contraction depends on…
A. The degree to which the elastic elements of the muscle are stretched
B. The concentration of Ca++ in the cytoplasm
C. The number of actin-myosin bonds formed
D. The amount of ATP available for contraction

A

A. The degree to which the elastic elements of the muscle are stretched

33
Q 
Which of the following hormones can cause muscle atrophy?
A. Growth hormone
B. Cortisol
C. Insulin
D. Testosterone
A

B. Cortisol

34
Q 
Which of the following molecules binds calcium in skeletal muscle?
A. Myosin
B. Tropomyosin
C. Actin
D. Troponin
A

D. Troponin

35
Q 
Which of the following types of muscle is not organized into motor units? 
A. Multiunit smooth muscle
B. Fast skeletal muscle
C. Single unit smooth muscle
D. Slow skeletal muscle
A

B. Fast skeletal muscle

36
Q 
Which of the following has the longest latent period between an action potential and a contraction?
A. Single unit smooth muscle
B. Slow skeletal muscle
C. Fast skeletal muscle
D. Multiunit smooth muscle
A

A. Single unit smooth muscle

37
Q

Which of the following is a false statement about slow wave potential?
A. Slow wave potentials can cause multiple spike potentials to occur if the membrane is highly polarized
B. Slow wave potentials are action potentials
C. Slow wave potentials can bring smooth muscle cell membrane to threshold potential
D. Slow wave potentials are due to leaky
Na+/Ca+ channels

A

A. Slow wave potentials can cause multiple spike potentials to occur if the membrane is highly polarized
(will cause only a single spike potential)

38
Q 
Which of the following types of action potentials has the longest absolute refractory period?
A. Neuron action potentials
B. Smooth muscle plateau potentials
C. Skeletal muscle action potentials
D. Smooth muscle spike potentials
A

B. Smooth muscle plateau potentials

39
Q

Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle…
A. Has more strength per volume of muscle
B. Is more dependent on control from neurons
C. Is more highly organized
D. Uses more ATP to sustain a contraction of a given strength

A

C. Is more highly organized

40
Q 
Which of the following molecules enables myosin to bind to actin in smooth muscle?
A. Troponin
B. Tropomyosin
C. Myosin kinase
D. Myosin phosphatase
A

C. Myosin kinase

41
Q 
Which of the following molecules is not found in smooth muscle? 
A. Calmodulin
B. Troponin
C. Myosin kinase
D. Myosin phosphatase
A

B. Troponin

42
Q

Smooth muscle cells can develop the greatest amount of actin-myosin bonds…
A. At any length
B. When they are at resting state
C. When they are contracted below resting length
D. When they are stretched beyond resting length

A

B. When they are at resting state

43
Q 
Which of the following can cause smooth muscle to relax? 
A. Neurotransmitters
B. Hormones
C. Paracrines
D. All of the above
A

D. All of the above

44
Q 
Which of the following molecules is activated by calmodulin in smooth muscle?
A. Myosin
B. Myosin kinase
C. ATP
D. Myosin phosphatase
A

B. Myosin kinase

45
Q 
Which of the following can contract in response to stretch without neural input?
A. Fast skeletal muscle
B. Slow skeletal muscle
C. Single unit smooth muscle
D. Multiunit smooth muscle
A

D. Multiunit smooth muscle

46
Q 
Which of the following can contract without experiencing an action potential?
A. Multiunit smooth muscle
B. Fast skeletal muscle
C. Slow skeletal muscle
D. Single unit smooth muscle
A

A. Multiunit smooth muscle

47
Q

Gamma motor neurons cause intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindle…
A. To contract concentrically
B. To contract isometrically
C. To decrease their sensitivity to a change in length of muscle
D. To relax and stretch

A

B. To contract isometrically

48
Q

Which of the following neurons activates a neural pathway that causes skeletal muscle to relax?
A. Alpha motor neuron
B. Sensory neurons of the golgi tendon organ
C. Primary sensory neurons of the muscle spindle
D. Secondary sensory neurons of the muscle spindle

A

B. Sensory neurons of the golgi tendon organ

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Basal ganglia?
A. Cognitive planning of sequential motor functions
B. Subconscious execution of learned patterns of movement
C. Using verbal skills in problem solving
D. Coordination of balance

A

D. Coordination of balance

50
Q 
Neural output from the primary motor cortex can be modified by...
A. The Somatosensory cortex
B. The premotor cortex
C. The basal ganglia
D. The cerebellum
E. All of the above
A

E. All of the above

51
Q 
Damage to which of the following will cause dysmetria (difficulty with measuring distances) and result in crashing into walls?
A. Cerebellum
B. Primary motor cortex
C. Supplementary motor cortex
D. Basal ganglia
A

A. Cerebellum

52
Q 
Damage to which of the following will cause hypertonia (excessive muscle tone)?
A. Basal ganglia
B. Primary motor cortex
C. Cerebellum
D. Somatosensory cortex
A

A. Basal ganglia

53
Q 
Damage to which of the following regions of the brain is primarily responsible for adjusting movement in relation to time and space?
A. Basal ganglia
B. Cerebellum
C. Supplementary motor cortex
D. Red nucleus
A

B. Cerebellum

54
Q

Which of the following is a true statement about the meninges?
A. The outer layer is called the pia mater
B. The toughest layer is called the arachnoid mater
C. They all have soft spongelike consistencies that allow the brain to bounce freely around with their soft cushions
D. They support and protect the brain from banging against the skull

A

D. They support and protect the brain from banging against the skull

55
Q

Which of the following is a false statement about cerebral spinal fluid?
A. It has exactly the same chemical composition of the plasma (fluid portion of the blood)
B. It is produced by the epididymal cells of the roof of the third ventricle
C. It must be constantly reabsorbed to prevent hydrocephalus (water in the brain)
D. It provides a water bath to cushion the brain from injury

A

A. It has exactly the same chemical composition of the plasma (fluid portion of the blood)

56
Q

The number of primary motor cortex neurons that control specific regions of the body is directly proportional to…
A. The size of the region of the body
B. The strength of the muscles of the region of the body
C. The number of motor units within the muscles of the region of the body
D. The speed with which the muscles of the region of the body can contract

A

C. The number of motor units within the muscles of the region of the body

57
Q 
The neuronal pool that allows two opposing muscles to contract and inhibit each other in alternating sequence as in walking is called...
A. Surround inhibition
B. Lateral inhibition
C. Reciprocal inhibition
D. Reverberation
A

C. Reciprocal inhibition

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