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PHAL211 > Neuropharmacology > Flashcards

Neuropharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

ACh

A

choline + acetyl CoA - choline acetyl transferase (CAT) -> ACh (synapse, neuromuscular junction or effector tissue) -> acetyl choline esterase AChE

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2
Q

Muscarinic receptors mAChR

A

g protein, parasympathetic (target tissues), CNS modulation (memory = Alzheimers)

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3
Q

M1, M3

A

gastric function and salivary + stomach secretion via Ca (+M5 activate Gaq (Ca)) (M3= vasodilation)

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4
Q

M2

A

reduce heart rate and neuronal excitability (+ M4 inhibit Gai/o, presynapse and post)

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5
Q

Nicotinic receptors nAChR

A

sympathetic (indirectly-ganglion) parasympathetic, sodium channels (memory, cognition = ADHD, schizophrenia)

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6
Q

Acetylcholinesterase AChE

A

-> choline and acetate

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7
Q

NE

A

neurotransmitter, selective for alpha - phenylalanine, tyrosine, dopamine -> NE -> monoamine oxidase (arousal, attention, memory)

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8
Q

Adrenaline

A

hormone, selective for beta - phenylalanine -> l dopa -> dopamine -> NA -> A, locus coerulus

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9
Q

NET

A

Noradrenaline transporter, DAT - dopamine = reuptake

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10
Q

a1 adrenoreceptor

A

Gq, Ca2+, vasoconstriction (skin and GI tract)

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11
Q

a2 adrenoreceptor

A

Gi, brain, reduce presynaptic neuron NA release (modulation) via ions?

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12
Q

B1 adrenoreceptor

A

Gs, Ca2+, cardiac output and renal, CNS

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13
Q

B2 adrenoreceptor

A

Gs , v K+=hyperpolarisation, bronchodilation, vasodilation (muscular), gluconeogenesis, GI motility, CNS

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14
Q

B3 adrenoreceptor

A

Gs, adipose tissue

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15
Q

Glutamate

A

glutamine via glutaminase, taken up by astrocytes (EAAT1/EAAT2 transporters), main excitatory neurotransmitter

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16
Q

Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor

A

post synaptic, GqmGlu1 and 5, long term depression too much = bad, not enough =decrease brain activity

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17
Q

Group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor

A

presynaptic, GimGlu2, 3 - prevents release

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18
Q

Group 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor

A

presynaptic, GimGlu 4, 6, 7, 8

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19
Q

AMPA ion channel glutamate receptor

A

Na, most common, activated NMDA, increase with Na2+ (LTP)

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20
Q

Kainate ion channel glutamate receptor

A

Na, post (excitatory), pre (net inhibitory via GABA increasing), hippocampus (memory and learning)

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21
Q

NMDA ion channel glutamate receptor

A

Na+Ca, LTP, both glutamate and glycine, Mg blocks, depression and schizophrenia,

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22
Q

LTP

A

long term potentiation (learning), synaptic plasticity, strengthen connection =fire at low threshold stimulus (hippocampus, amygdala), associative/specific

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23
Q

Excitotoxicity

A

too much Ca kills neurons, epilepsy - ALS disease (EAAT2), ischemic stroke (no oxygen = no ATP = depolarisation, Glutamate = neuronal cell death)

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24
Q

NE a1 agonist

A

Phenylephrine = vasoconstriction, nasal decongestant, acute hypotension

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25
Q

NE a2 agonist

A

Clonidine- (reduce NA release) = hypertension (reduce sympathetic activity), anxiety, migraine and to produce sedation

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26
Q

NE B blocker

A

Propranolol = anxiety, migraines, CV disease

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27
Q

NE B2 agonist

A

Salbutamol = asthma (relief inhalers), cause bronchodilation (salmeterol long term)

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28
Q

NE B1 antagonist

A

Atenolol, metoprolol = cardiovascular disease, including tachycardia and arrhythmias, block symp

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29
Q

NET/DAT inhibitor

A

ADHD Methylphenidate (NET/DAT) and atomoxetine (NET) - inhibits reuptake

30
Q

Amphetamine

A

ADHD facilitate release of NA and dopamine via binding to vesicle storage proteins and transporters

31
Q

a2 agonists used in ADHD

A

Guanfacine and clonidine - lowers bp

32
Q

MDMA

A

dopamine facilitated release

33
Q

AMPA positive allosteric modulator

A

Ampakines -noontropics, reduce AMPA agonist side effects, stimulate LTP (Recetams)

34
Q

red algae

A

Kainic acid, domoic = toxic - too much stimulation, neurons all fire together, confusion, memory loss

35
Q

NMDA competitive antagonists

A

Ketamine - anaesthetic, amnesia, antidepressant (low dose)

PCP - schizophrenic symptoms, temp decrease memory and learning

36
Q

NMDA - non competitive antagonist

A

Memantine - Alzheimer’s (neuroprotection from excitotoxicity)

37
Q

GABA

A

glutamate via glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GAT - recycling, GABA transaminase= breakdown, main inhibitory

38
Q

GABAa +c

A

ionotropic, Cl+ transport, pentameric (binding a+B),

39
Q

GABAb

A

GiPCR, post- inhibits adenylyl cyclase -> activates GIRK (K+ out of cell), pre-blocks Ca2+

40
Q

GABAergic drugs

A

anxiety, depression, general anaesthesia, muscle spasms

41
Q

Low expression of GABAa

A

impulse control, motivation, increase drug taking (low a2 subunit expression)

42
Q

Drug similar to GABA

A

Gabapentin - doesn’t bind to GABAa, increase GAD, decrease VGCC and glutamate (NMDAr), pain + migraines - anti-epileptic

43
Q

covalent (suicide) inhibitor for GABA transaminase

A

Vigobotrin (side effects = drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue) - anti-epileptic

44
Q

positive allosteric modulator GABAa

A

Benzodiazepines (diazepam) - a&y, sedative, hard to quit, reduce anxiety

45
Q

Z-drugs

A

(zopiclone) - sleeping, a&y, (side effects= driving, tolerance, hallucinations)

46
Q

GABAb activator

A

Baclofen - muscle spasms (epilepsy)

47
Q

Dopamine

A

L-tyrosine, L-DOPA->. Breadown via monoamine oxidase. Ventral tegmental area + substantia nigria ->stiatum + nuclear accumbens + motor cortex.

48
Q

D1

A

GsPCRs (post)

49
Q

D2

A

GiPCRs (post and pre)

50
Q

reward pathway

A

VTA -> Nucleus accumbens (regulated by hippocampus), schizophrenia=overstimulation (+ve -increase consciousness-salience, prefrontal cortex, -ve - not social)

51
Q

Parkinsons

A

Substantia vigria -> striatum (low level of dopamine via pe cell death, tremor, bradykinesia)

52
Q

Hypoglutamate hypothesis

A

glutamate in VTA stimulates dopamine neurotransmission to PFC and nucleus accumbus (ketamine and PCP help schizophrenia symptoms)

53
Q

Parkinsons precursor

A

L-dopa +carbidopa (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor), dopamine produces and used when needed (high dose = dyskinesia, muscle contraction, hallucinations, change therapeutic index)

54
Q

Parkinsons treatment

A

increase dopamine in corpus striatum

55
Q

dopamine receptor agonist examples

A

Bromocriptine (oral) + apomorphine (subcutaneous) - (hallucinations, vomiting, disruption of reward pathway-gambling, impulsive) - Parkinson’s

56
Q

MAOb inhibitor

A

Selegiline - decrease breakdown dopamine + NA, depression, in combination with L-dopa

57
Q

D2 antagonist schizophrenia

A

Haloperidol - typical antipsychotics, non selective= a1-hypotension+dizziness, H1-sedation, weight gain, mAChR-reduce parasympathetic. (Parkinson’s symptoms, lack of pleasure anhedonia)

58
Q

D1 and D2 inhibitor schizophrenia

A

Clozapine - also serotonin receptors, increase dopamine-negative symptoms, less side effects

59
Q

Seretonin

A

5-HT made from tryptophan, broken down by MAOa, SERT uptake, 10% brain=mood, sleep, reality perception, daydreaming (default mode network), 90% GI tract

60
Q

Serotonin receptors

A

7 subtypes Gi, Gq, Na+ and Gs.

61
Q

Depression

A

moamine theory=decrease in monoamine neurotransmission->less post synaptic activation (lack of serotonin doesn’t cause depression+placebo effect)

62
Q

SSRI

A

selective seretonin reuptake inhibitors, selectively increase serotonin, first-line, low side effects (dry mouth, insomnia, nausea)

63
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants SNRIs

A

NAT +SERT inhibitors, side effects- a1, H1, mAChR, overdose danger

64
Q

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor effects

A

first created, irreversible or reversible, narrow therapeutic index, don’t metablise marmite, cheese, beer -> increase NE (last line)

65
Q

Seretonin syndrome

A

MOAIs with SSRIs, TCAs or MDMA=synergetic toxicity-> delirium

66
Q

Anxiety

A

psychological + physiological, increase heart rate, tremor, independent of external events (GAD, panic, phobia, PTSD, OCD)

67
Q

SSRI example

A

Fluoxetine (used in depression and anxiety at lower dose)

68
Q

Tricyclic antidepressant examples

A

Amitriptyline and nortriptyline

69
Q

MAO inhibitor examples

A

Moclobemide - MAOa (NA+S), Selegeline - MAOb (NA+D), Phenelzine - non selective inhibitors

70
Q

Ketamine in depression

A

treatment resistant depression, disinhibits GABAergic interneurons, blocks GABA release -> dopamine in hippocampus/VTA

71
Q

Anxiety drugs

A

Propranolol and clonidine/guanfacine - NE modulators, prop reduce heart rate, clon decrease NE.
Benzodiazepines

PHAL211 (5 decks)

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