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NEUR0010 > Neuropathology: Past, Present, and Future > Flashcards

Neuropathology: Past, Present, and Future Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 traditional neuropathology methods

A

Post-mortem
Surgical samples
Cytology samples

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2
Q

Name the 2 types of traditional cytology samples

A

Intraoperative smears

CSF cytology

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3
Q

What are the steps of brain cutting?

A 
Weigh
External examination
Examine base
Examine hindbrain
Examine ventricles
Slice in coronal sections
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4
Q

What is the purpose of fixation?

A

Cross-links proteins - prevents enzymatic degradation

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5
Q

What is haematoxylin and eosin used for?

A

General stain

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6
Q

What is a Nissl stain used for?

A

Myelination

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7
Q

What is a Golgi stain used for?

A

No longer used

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8
Q

Name the main categories of neuronal cytological abnormalities

A 
Acute cell stress
Swollen neurons
Neuronal inclusions
Abnormal storage material
Amyloid
Axonal swelling
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of acute cell stress?

A

Due to reversible/irreversible injury

Eosinophilic neurons - pink - damaged

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of swollen neurons?

A

Due to axotomy

Material accumulation in neuronal body

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11
Q

Name 5 neuronal inclusions

A 
Lewy body
Marinesco body
Viral inclusion
Hirano body
Ferruginated neuron
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12
Q

Where are Marinesco bodies found and what is the effect of eosin/haematoxylin staining?

A

Intranuclear

Eosinophilic

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13
Q

Where and when are Marinesco bodies found and what is the effect of eosin/haematoxylin staining?

A

In hippocampus - with ageing - increased in AD

Eosinophilic

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14
Q

What are ferruginated neurons and where and when are they found?

A

Neurons encrusted in iron and calcium mineral deposits

In cortex after early-life hypoxic brain damage

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15
Q

What is abnormal storage material in neurons due to?

A

Defective protein degradation - due to metabolic disorders

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16
Q

What is lipofuscin and what condition is it involved in?

A

Ageing pigment

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis - lipofuscin abundant in young patient

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17
Q

Where is amyloid found?

A

Extracellular - in parenchyma and blood vessels

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18
Q

Which stain shows amyloid and which colour is it stained?

A

Congo red stain

Apple-green

19
Q

What do axonal swellings consist of?

A

Neurofilaments

20
Q

Where and when are corpora amylacea found?

A

In astrocytes

With ageing

21
Q

Where are Rosenthal fibres found and what could be they a part of?

A

In astrocytes

Could be part of tumour

22
Q

What are the physiological roles of astrocytes?

A 
Stem cell source
BBB regulation
K+ homeostasis
Release gliotransmitters
Glutamate regulation
23
Q

What are the pathological roles of astrocytes?

A

Glial scar formation - proliferation and hypertrophy
Neurotransmission - spreading depolarisation waves
Release pro-inflammatory cytokines
BBB breakdown
Neurodegenerative diseases
Source of tumours - astroglioma

24
Q

Which marker is specific for oligodendrocyte progenitor cells?

A

NG2

25
Q

What marker is specific for mature oligodendrocytes?

A

NogoA

26
Q

What are the pathological roles of oligodendrocytes?

A

Reduced number - in Multiple Sclerosis

Source of tumours - oligodendroglioma

27
Q

How do microglia respond to dying neurons?

A

Surround

Release inflammatory cytokines

28
Q

How is CNS microvasculature altered in ageing and what is the effect of this?

A

Tortuous vessels and venous collagenosis
Decreases perfusion
Cognitive effects

29
Q

What are the effects of brain atherosclerosis?

A

Weakens vessel walls - increases haemorrhage risk

Impedes bloodflow - increases stroke risk

30
Q

What could the cause of vascular dementia be?

A

Lacunar infarcts - occlusion of small arteries in deep brain

31
Q

What is subcortical laminar heterotopia and what causes it?

A

Grey matter band under cortex - 6 cortical layers not distinct
Impaired neuronal radial migration
Caused by mutant doublecortin

32
Q

What are focal cortical malformations and what causes them?

A

Enlarged neurons in abnormal position - restricted to one area
Somatic mTOR pathway mutations

33
Q

What is the effect of a somatic mTOR mutation in an early developmental mitotic cycle on focal cortical Malformation severity?

A

Severe widespread malformation

34
Q

What is the effect of a somatic mTOR mutation in a late developmental mitotic cycle on focal cortical malformation severity?

A

Small FCD focus

35
Q

What is classical microglia activation?

A

Become M1 microglia

Pro-damage

36
Q

What is alternative microglia activation?

A

Become M2 microglia

Pro-repair, anti-inflammatory

37
Q

What causes autoimmune encephalitis and what are its symptoms?

A

Autoantibodies target neuronal antigens

Memory deficits, seizures, psychiatric symptoms

38
Q

What is traumatic axonal injury, what causes it, and which brain area is most vulnerable?

A

Shearing of axons - interferes with axonal transport - swelling before shear site
Caused by head injury involving rotation
Corpus callosum vulnerable

39
Q

What causes chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

A

Repetitive head trauma

40
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

A

Memory decline
Parkinsonism
Behavioural changes

41
Q

Where does tau accumulate in chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

A 
Superficial cortical layers
In astrocytes
Around blood vessels
Around ventricles
Patchy distribution in frontal and temporal cortices
42
Q

What is a prion?

A

Proteinaceous infectious agent

43
Q

What histology is seen in prion disease?

A

Neuronal loss
Gliosis
PrP deposition

44
Q

Which molecular feature can be used to distinguish high and low grade CNS tumours?

A

DNA methylation profile

NEUR0010 (9 decks)

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