Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NMSP Exam I > Neuropathology (Martin) > Flashcards

Neuropathology (Martin) Flashcards

1
Q

Histology of acute neuronal injury

A

12-24 hr injury; “red neurons” ; loss of nissl substance w intense eosinophilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Histology of axonal reaction

A

“central chromatolysis” nissl removed from center of cell to periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 major pathologies associated with intracytoplasmic inclusions

A
  1. rabies - negri bodies
  2. alzheimer - neurofibrillary tangles
  3. parkinson - lewy bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the intracytoplasmic “wear & tear” pigment

A

lipofuscin; golden brown pigment that accumulates with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the major pathology associated with intranuclear inclusions

A

herpes - cowdry body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the pathology that presents with both intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions

A

CMV “owl eyes”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most important histopathological indicator of CNS injury?

A

gliosis AKA astrogliosis; hypertrophy and hyperplasia of astrocytes; dysfunction to BBB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gemistocytes

A

a state of astrocytes in response to injury (reactive); enlarged and becomes “bright pink”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rosenthal fibers

A

thick, elongated, worm-like or “corkscrew” eosinophilic bundle found in astrocytes; contains alpha/beta-crystalline, HSP27 and ubiquitin; commonly found in pilocytic astrocytomas - benign slow growing tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pilocytic astrocytoma

A

slowing growing tumor that arises from astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

corpora amylacea

A

granular bodies generated by astrocytes; polyglucosan bodies PAS+; increases with age (degenerative process)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

chromatolysis

A

neuronal cell body reaction to injury; swollen cells body, eccentric displacement of nucleus and loss of nissl body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cell markers of microglia

A

CR3 & CD68; macrophages of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where would you typically see microglial nodules?

A

aggregated around small foci of necrosis in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where you typically see neurophagia?

A

microglia thats congregated around cell bodies of dying neurons; engulfing the dying neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cerebral edema

A

accumulation of fluid in brain parenchyma; two types: vasogenic and cytotoxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

vasogenic edema

A

increase EXTRAcellular fluid due to BBB dysfunction; often follows ischemic injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cytotoxic edema

A

increase INTRAcellular fluid; can lead to herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a major complication to hydrocephalus

A

papilledema; increase in intracranial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the 3 possible pathogenesis to hydrocephalus?

A
  1. increased production - choroid plexus papilloma
  2. obstruction - many causes
  3. decreased absorption - outflow obstruction
21
Q

Choroid plexus papilloma

A

rare; increased production of CSF (max its absorption capacity) on histology will see a thick fibrous core/stalk

22
Q

What are 2 common infectious processes that can cause communication (non-obstructive) hydrocephalus?

A

TB and neurosyphilis; causes pyogenic meningitis covering the brainstem and cerebellum; no single point of obstruction (symmetrically dilated ventricles)

23
Q

What would you see on a brain MRI if cysticercosis was the cause of hydrocephalus?

A

many calcified cysts throughout the cerebral tissue

24
Q

Aqueductal stenosis causing which type of hydrocephalus?

A

obstructive (non-communicating)

25
Q

Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo

A

dilation of the ventricle due to atrophy of the brain; can be seen in chronic neurodegenerative disorders; CSF will be normal

26
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)

A

symmetric hydrocephalus in older adults; drainage of CSF is blocked gradually; CSF is normal but the enlarged ventricles exert pressure on brain and patient may exhibit dementia-like symptoms; can be reversed but if often misdiagnosed doe Alzheimers to Parkinson’s. Triad: “wet, wacky and wobbly”
- urinary incontinence
- gait disturbance
- dementia

27
Q

Symptoms of “wet, wacky and wobbly”

A

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH); Triad: of urinary incontinence, gait disturbance and dementia

28
Q

What is the symptomatic triad seen in Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)?

A

urinary incontinence, gait disturbance and dementia

29
Q

Which cranial nerve will have the highest risk of injury in a transtentorial herniation?

A

CN3 - will see dilated pupil and impaired eye movement; Kernohan’s notch phenomenon

30
Q

Why is a tonsillar herniation typically life threatening?

A

cerebellar tonsils displaced through foramen magnum and compressed the respiratory and cardiac centers of the brainstem

31
Q

Kernohan’s notch phenomenon

A

compression of the cerebral peduncle against the tentorim cerebella due to a transtentorial herniation; IPSILATERAL hemiparesis or hemiplegia due to a false localizing sign; will also see CNIII compression with a blown pupil

32
Q

CNS infarct results in which type of necrosis?

A

liquefactive

33
Q

Hygroma

A

separation of arachnoid from dura due to contraction of underlying brain parenchyma and infarct

34
Q

When is neural tube closure typically complete in gestation?

A

Day 28

35
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

asymptomatic bony defect; folate acid deficiency

36
Q

What is the most common lumbosacral NTD?

A

Myelomeningocele; CNS tissue through the defect in the vertebral column

37
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome typically causes what forebrain anomaly in the newborn?

A

microcephaly; small head circumference

38
Q

Arnold-Chiari malformation

A

occurs in the small posterior fossa; type II - more severe with downward extension of cerebellar vermis through the foramen magnum

39
Q

Dandy-Walker malformation

A

enlarged posterior fossa - expanded floorLESS 4th ventricle; cerebellar vermis is ABSENT

40
Q

Syringomyelia (syrinx)

A

fluid-filled cleft-like cavity in the inner portion of the cord; isolated pain and temperature sensation of the upper extremities bilaterally

41
Q

Which spinal cord pathology will produce isolated pain and temperature sensation of the upper extremities b/l?

A

Syringomyelia (syrinx)

42
Q

Basilar skull fracture

A

orbital and/or mastoid hematomas; will see CSF drainage from ears or nose; hemotympanum (blood in ears); battle’s sign behind ears and raccoon eyes

43
Q

Concussion

A

clinical syndrome with altered consciousness secondary to a head injury

44
Q

What is the most common location for contusions?

A

frontal lobes/orbital ridges and temporal lobes

45
Q

When does the baby typically pass from shaken baby?

A

don’t die instantly; after hours of brain swelling; look for old bleeding - iron with Prussian blue stain

46
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A

repeated concussive injury associated with playing sports; deposition of tau proteins around small blood vessels of the cortex, typically at the sulcal depths; will see a decrease in the parenchymal overtime

47
Q

Which vessel is typically injured in an epidural hematoma?

A

artery - middle meningeal artery

48
Q

Which vessel is typically injured in a subdural hematoma?

A

veins - venous blood

NMSP Exam I (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions