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Y2 medical pathophysiology > Neuropathology > Flashcards

Neuropathology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central and Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of ?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

How many Paris of cranial nerves do humans have?

A

12

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4
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves do humans have?

A

31

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5
Q

What does the white matter of the brain consist of?

A

Myelinated nerve fibres

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6
Q

What does the grey matter of the brain consist of?

A

Nerve cell bodies, dendrites, neuroglia and unmyelinated axons.

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7
Q

What type of matter does the spinal cord contain?

A

White and grey

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8
Q

What are the two divisions of grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal horn

Ventral horn

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9
Q

Describe the components and pathway type of the dorsal horn of the grey matter in the spinal cord.

A

Sensory roots and ganglia.

Afferent.

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10
Q

Describe the components and pathway type of the ventral horn of the grey matter in the spinal cord.

A

Motor roots

Efferent Pathway

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11
Q

Describe what is meant by 6th nerve palsy in terms of the eye.

A

The 6th cranial nerve controls the eye muscles on the outer side of the eye. If this is damaged, the eye will no longer be pulled to the outer side and so may start to move inwards towards the face. This may also reduce peripheral vision.

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12
Q

What is the main function of the brain stem?

A

Responsible for automatic survival functions.

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13
Q

What are the main purposes of the medulla?

A
  • Control heartbeat and breathing.

- Receives sensory input/transmits motor output to cranial nerves VIII-XII.

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14
Q

What does the medulla consist of ?

A

Nuclei and tracts

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15
Q

Where are the pons located?

A

Above the Medulla

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16
Q

What do the pons consist of ?

A

Nuclei and tracts and converse axons that are connected to the right and left cerebellum.

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17
Q

What is the pons main function and what area of the pons coordinate this ?

A

The pneumotaxis area and apneustic area help regulate breathing.

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18
Q

What are the purposes of the reticular formations of the brain?

A

They are responsible for widespread connections and arousal of the brain as a whole.

  • Contains reticular activating systems to maintain consciousness and alertness as well as continuing to allow functions in the sleep and arousal from sleep.
  • Responds to touch, pain and temperature.
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19
Q

What is the purpose of the thalamus in the brain

A

It directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits relies to the cerebellum and medulla.

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20
Q

Where is the thalamus located?

A

On top of the brainstem.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the cerebellum of the brain?

A
  • Helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance.

- Implicated in cognitive, emotional, sensory, motor and speech processing.

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22
Q

What components make up the Limbic system?

A

The hypothalamus, pituitary, amygdala and hippocampus.

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23
Q

What are the main purposes of the limbic system

A

Deal with the basic drives, emotion and memory.

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24
Q

What are the main purposes of the hypothalamus in the limbic system?

A
  • Hunger
  • Thirst
  • Body temperature
  • Pleasure
  • Regulates the pituitary gland
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25
Q

What are the main functions of hypothalamus?

A
  • Directs several maintenance activities such as eating, drinking, body temperatures.
  • Also helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
  • Linked to emotions
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26
Q

Where is the hypothalamus in the brain?

A

Below the thalamus

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27
Q

What is the main purpose of the Amygdala in the brain?

A

Linked to emotion and fear

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28
Q

Describe the appearance of the Amygdala.

A

Two almond shaped neural clusters

29
Q

What is the purpose of the cerebral cortex of the brain?

A

The body’s ultimate control and information processing centre.

30
Q

What are the different lobes of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Frontal Lobes
Parietal Lobes
Occipital Lobes
Temporal Lobes

31
Q

What is the purpose of the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgement.

32
Q

What is the purpose of the occipital lobe of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite field.

33
Q

How does the occipital lobe receive visual from the opposite visual field?

A

For example; the left eye sends signals to the right side of the brain.

34
Q

What is the main component of the parietal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Includes the sensory cortex

35
Q

What is the main function of the temporal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Includes auditory areas, each of which receive auditory information primarily from the opposite ear.

36
Q

Which lobe of the cerebral hemisphere is the motor cortex?

A

Frontal

37
Q

Which lobe of the cerebral hemisphere is the sensory cortex?

A

Parietal

38
Q

Which lobe of the cerebral hemisphere is the visual cortex?

A

Occipital

39
Q

Which lobe of the cerebral hemisphere is the temporal cortex?

A

Auditory

40
Q

Why would the fingers have a much larger region assigned in the cerebral cortex?

A

Much finer control is required by the fingers in comparison to other areas such as the legs.

41
Q

In terms of the cerebral cortex, what is Aphasia and what causes this?

A

Impairment of language usually caused by the left hemisphere being damaged which occurs to either Broca’s area (this ill cause impairment of speech) or damage to Wernicke’s area which will resulting impairment of understanding.

42
Q

What does damage to Broca’s area in the brain cause ?

A

Impairment of the speech

43
Q

What does damage to Wernicke’s area of the brain cause?

A

Impairment of understanding

44
Q

Where is Broca’s area of the brain?

A

Left frontal lobe

45
Q

What is the purpose of Broca’s area of the brain?

A

Directs the muscle movement involved in speech.

46
Q

What is the purpose of Wernicke’s area of the brain?

A

Involved in language comprehension and expression.

47
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area of the brain?

A

In the left temporal lobe.

48
Q

What techniques can be used to examine functions of the brain?

A
  • Remove a part to see what effect it has on behaviour.

- Examine humans who have suffered brain damage.

49
Q

What is the Corpus Collosum of the brain?

A

A large bundle of neural fibres (myelinated axons or white matter) that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

50
Q

Epileptic treatment sometimes is cutting of the corpus callous of the brain. Describe the issues this can cause and why.

A

Without the corpus callous, the left and right cerebral hemispheres are unable to directly communication. This means that information does not reach the left hemisphere. This affects the ability of patients to name objects in the left vision of feel and so patients often struggle to verbalise what they see.

51
Q

Why do epileptic patients often have their corpus callous cut?

A

To reduce seizures in the brain.

52
Q

Give an example of how you may test a split-brain patient using smell and the results of this.

A

An odour may be presented to the right nostril only but cannot be named because this information cannot reach the left hemisphere. However, the person will be able to use their left hand to reach the source of the odour. This is because the control of the left hand is happening via the right hemisphere of the brain.

53
Q

Define sensation

A

The process by which the central nervous system receives input from the environment via sensory neurones.

54
Q

Define perception

A

The process by which the brain interprets and organises the sensory information.

55
Q

What is the absolute threshold in terms of the psychophysics of sensation?

A

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus with 50% accuracy.

56
Q

What is the subliminal stimulation in terms of the psychophysical of sensation ?

A

Below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness but behaviour may be affected without conscious awareness.

57
Q

In terms of the psychophysics of sensation, what is sensory adaptation/habituation?

A

Diminished sensitivity to unchanged stimulus.

58
Q

What are the 5 major senses?

A 
Vision
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell
59
Q

What type of sense is vision and where in the brain is this controlled?

A

Electromagnetic

Occipital lobe

60
Q

What type of sense is hearing and where in the brain is this controlled?

A

Mechanical

Temporal lobe

61
Q

What type of sense is touch and where in the brain is this controlled?

A

Mechanical

Sensory cortex

62
Q

What type of sense is taste and where in the brain is this controlled?

A

Chemical

Gustatory insular cortex

63
Q

What type of sense is smell and where in the brain is this controlled?

A

Chemical

Olfactory bulb and orbitofrontal cortex

64
Q

What is the vestibular sense and where is this controlled?

A

Balance and motion

Inner ear

65
Q

What is the proprioceptive sense and where is this controlled?

A

Relative position of body parts

Parietal lobe

66
Q

What is the temperature sense and where is this controlled?

A

Heat

Thermoreceptors throughout the body and the sensory cortex

67
Q

What is the nociception sense and where is this controlled?

A

Pain

Nociceptors throughout the body and in the sensory cortex.

68
Q

What are the purposes of the rods and cones in the retina?

A

Rods - brightness

Cones - colour

Y2 medical pathophysiology (12 decks)

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