Neuropathology Flashcards
what are the major contributors of neurological DALYs?
- stroke
- migraine
- alzheimers and other dementias
- meningitis
what are three main characters of AD?
- brain atrophy (hippocampus)
- neuritic plaques (beta - amyloid)
- tangles (tau)
what are the attributable risk for dementia?
- age (18%),
- smaller brain (17%)
- Alzheimer lesions (19%)
- vascular pathologies (21%)
- hippocampal atrophy (12%)
- cerebral amyloid angiopathy (10%)
- Lewy bodies (3%).
what is isomorphic gloss?
once the tissue is damaged, the astrocytic fibre components imitate the orientation of of existing fibres and form a scar (gliosis). This is called isomorphic gliosis
how is the locus ceruleus affected in Parkinson’s disease?
- locus cerulean is a nucleus in the pons of BS
- source of NA
- in PD - LC damage worsens dopamine depletion and nigrostriatal damage
alcoholic degeneration affects which region primarily?
the cerebellum
what happens in HD?
shrunken head of caudate nucleus and they eventually develop dementia hence, there is generalised brain atrophy
what is the function of nucleus basalts of meynert? in which neurodegenartive condnition is it affected? what is its treatment?
- it is the main source of Ach and drives cognition forward
- loss of these cells in AD (reduced Ach)
- Drug aricept used: boosts Ach to the rest of the brain
in which neurodegenerative disorder do you find neurofibrillary pathology?
tau tangles are the neurofibrillary pathology in AD, the amount of tau is not essential however, the region/location where tau present is
what is braak staging?
- the six stages of degeneration of the brain in AD and PD representing disease progression
- each stage being attributed to abnormal pathology in particular neurological structures and symptoms
in which regions are the six stages of Braak prominent?
Braak stage 1,2,3 - anterior and posterior hippocampus
Braak stage 4,5 - occipital and temporal cortex
Braak stage 6 - only occipital cortex
in which neurodegenerative cases can you find Lewy bodies?
- mainly PD and AD
- in PD you find abnormal protein clumps in and around the substantia nigra
knockdown of which protein prevents the loss of dopaminergic neurons in PINK1 mutant zebrafish (PD)?
TigarB knockdown
what is the major component in Lewy bodies of AD/PD?
alpha-synucelin protein
what is the characters pathology of MND?
ubiquitylated inclusions
ubiquitinated TDP-43 is found in which neurodegenerative diseases?
- frontotemproal lobe degeneration
2. ALS
what happens in Parkinson’s?
- substantia nigra dopaminergic cell depletion due to PINK1 gene mutation (loss)
- TIGARB protein - up regulation causes cell death
where do you have atrophy in AD?
usually generalised brain atrophy with evident hippocamapal atrophy
what are the watershed infarcts?
are border zone b/w vascular territories where the brain tissue is father from supply so changes in perfusion would affect them more
