Neurooo

Question 0

General rule for neuro development signaling

Answer 0

1) anterolateral is most important I.e. Hox genes

2) dorso ventral is next important I.e. Sonic hedgehog

Question 1

What surface are nerves made on ?

Answer 1

On the ventricular surface of the neural tube

Question 2

Bone morphogenic protein

Answer 2

Made by ectoderm cells. Inhibits the formation of the nervous system. Promotes epidermal growth

Question 3

Chordin and noggin

Answer 3

These are produced by hensons node and are responsible for blocking bone morphogenic protein. Aka this allows ectoderm cells to make nervous system

Question 4

Homeotic gene

Answer 4

Gene that produces something that acts back on its nucleus. Aka EMX and OTX

Question 5

OMX & ETX diseases

Answer 5

ETX leads to schizenecphaly

OMX leads to epilepsy

Question 6

What determines hox expression

Answer 6

Retinoic acid produced by hensons node

Question 7

Cell migration is dependent on what type of cells ?

Answer 7

Radial glial cells

Question 8

What glycoprotein helps a cell travel to the appropriate cortical area?

Answer 8

Reelin. Cortical cells seem to recognize their extra cellular reelin signal. Reelin in the signal that tells the neuron to get off the radial glial cell

Question 9

Kallman’s syndrome

Answer 9

Happens in make patients whose neural crest cells fail to migrate due to malformation if the olfactory placode

Question 10

How do neural crest cells migrate in PNS

Answer 10

They migrate by pathways dictated by Laminin and other key extra cellular proteins

Question 11

Leukemia inhibitory factor

Answer 11

Is releases by muscle cells and can change the phenotype of a cell. I.e. A cell that was supposed to be noradregernic becomes cholenergic when co cultured with the heart

Question 12

Laminin

Answer 12

Important for neurite growth. Produced by Schwann cells. It was found when these are attacked via antibodies neurite extension and outgrowth don’t happen. Particularly important after injury

Question 13

Charcot Marie tooth disease

Answer 13

Problem with Schwann cell not producing pmp-22 (peripheral myelin protein)

Single amino acid substitution from glycine -> aspartate

Question 14

Formation of axon bundles are influenced by what ?

Answer 14

Cell adhesion molecules. N-cam. Neuronal cell adhesion molecules bind to itself and attracts other axons

Question 15

Agrin

Answer 15

Protein released by a nerve that causes receptors to aggregate at the end plate

Question 16

Nerve growth factor

Answer 16

Extracted from salivary and snake venom. This was seen to be essential for nerve growth and SURVIVAL from sensory and sympathetic neurons. Regulates synthesis of NE. Has trophic effects…only retrograde. Acts on TRK receptors. Long range trophic molecule. Has effects on sympathetic and dorsal root ganglion cells. CNS cholenergic receptors depend on NGF

Question 17

How does nerve growth factor regulate the synthesis of NE ?

Just on example of what it regulates…appears to have a critical time for the development of many things. (Dorsal root ganglion development is another important example)

Answer 17

Induces two enzymes that are important for NE synthesis

1) tyrosine hydroxylase
2) dopamine b hydroxylase

Just one example of what it regulates

Question 18

What do neural crest cells and sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion need for proliferation, differentiation and survival ?

Answer 18

BDNF or NT-3

Question 19

What does the notochord help make ?

Answer 19

The floor plate and motor neurons

Question 20

Netrin

Answer 20

Produced by floor plate cells and attracts dorsal horn fibers to grow to the floor plate and cross to the other side

Question 21

What are the stages of neuronal development

Answer 21

Proliferation, migration, axon growth, cell death, synapse formation, myelination and synapse elimination with stabilization

Question 22

Hensons node

Answer 22

Produced chordin, noggin and retonioc acid

Question 23

What does retonioc acid do

Answer 23

Activates transcription of HOX genes. Diff parts of the body have diff sensitivities to retinoic acid.
-the diffusion of retinoic acid from hensons node establishes a gradient along the anterior posterior axis and contributes to the sequence of HOX gene expression in the hindbrain

Question 24

What do neural crest cells give rise to

Answer 24

Schwann cells
Autonomic ganglion cells
Gut ganglion cells
Dorsal root ganglion cells