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Psychology BSc > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

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0
Q

Which part of a Neuron contains the nucleus?

A

The cell body.

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1
Q

What is a Neuron?

A

A type of cell that makes up the nervous system and supports, amongst other things, cognitive functions.

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2
Q

Name the branching structures which carry information FROM other neurons.

A

Dendrites

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3
Q

How many other neurons can one neuron connect with?

A

Around 10,000

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4
Q

Which cells make up 10% of cells in our brain?

A

Neurons

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5
Q

Which cells make up 90% of our brain?

A

Glia cells

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6
Q

What are the functions of glia cells?

A

Tissue repair and the production of myelin

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7
Q

What is myelin?

A

A fatty substance which increases conductivity of electrical impulses along the axon

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8
Q

Roughly how many neurons are in the human brain?

A

100-150 billion

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9
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

To carry information TO other neurons

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10
Q

What is action potential?

A

A sudden change (depolarisation and repolarisation) in the electrical properties of the Neuron membrane in the axon

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11
Q

What are axon terminal buttons?

A

A neural impulse travels down the axon to axon terminal buttons, a means by which one Neuron can communicate with other neurons

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12
Q

What is the resting potential across the cell membrane?

A

-70mV

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13
Q

Which part of the Neuron is the only part capable of producing action potentials?

A

The axon

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14
Q

Where are voltage-gated ion channels situated and what are they for?

A

In the axon. They are important in the generation of an action potential.

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15
Q

What is cell depolarisation

A

Negative potential is reduced (at -50mV cell membrane becomes completely permeable and the charge momentarily reverses

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16
Q

What is hyperpolarisation?

A

K+ channels continue to operate which causes and undershoot. This makes it more difficult for the axon to depolarise again straight away

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17
Q

Which substance blocks normal K+/Na+ transfer and makes the action potential jump down the length of the axon at the nodes of ranvier?

A

Myelin

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18
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The small gap between neurons which neurotransmitters are released, permitting signalling between neurons.

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19
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical signals released by one Neuron that affects the properties of other neurons.

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20
Q

What do neurotransmitters bind to?

A

Receptors on the dendrites or cell body of the postsynaptic Neuron

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21
Q

What do neurotransmitters do by binding to receptors on the dendrites or cell body?

A

They create a synaptic potential

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22
Q

How is synaptic potential conducted? Actively or passively?

A

Passively. Does not create a change in electrical charge.

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23
Q

If passively conducted currents are _______ enough when they reach the beginning of the axon, this leads to _______ __________ and the development of a ________ ___________.

A

Strong
Active conduction
Action potential

24
Q

Is active conduction long range or short range?

A

Long range.

Passive conduction is short range.

25
Q

What is single cell electrophysiology?

A

It is an invasive technique that measures the electrical activity of a single Neuron/cell in response to an environmental stimulus.

26
Q

What are the 3 R’s in animal welfare?

A

Reduction - less animals used
Replacement - using least sentient species
Refinement - improving experimental design

27
Q

Is single cell electrophysiology invasive or non invasive?

A

Invasive

28
Q

What are the two types of recordings in single cell electrophysiology according the location?

A

Intracellular recording - inside axon

Extra cellular recording - outside cell membrane

29
Q

Which units are used for measurement in single cell electrophysiology?

A

Spikes per second

30
Q

After single cell electrophysiology anaesthetised surgery, what happens to the animal?

A

They are euthanised

31
Q

Does single cell electrophysiology use humans, animals or both?

A

Animals

32
Q

What type of animal would be best to use in single cell electrophysiology?

A

Monkeys because their brains are similar to humans, and monkeys can be trained to perform behaviour tasks.

33
Q

How are spike recordings obtained?

A

Using miroelectrodes

34
Q

What are visual cortex cells selective for?

A

Orientation
Size
Motion detection
Speed

35
Q

What did Hubel and Wiesel record in 1959 (single cell electrophysiology)

A

Recorded from single cells in cats primary visual cortex and found that cells there were vey selective for the orientation, size direction and speed of a stimulus.

36
Q

What is electroencephalography (EEG) ?

A

Records electrical signals generated by the brain through electrodes placed at different points on the scalp.

37
Q

Is EEG invasive or non invasive?

A

Non-invasive

38
Q

What does EEG measure?

A

The amplitude and timing of electrical impulses

39
Q

How are single cell electrophysiology and EEG different?

A

Single cell measures axonal currents of single neurons

EEG measures Dendric currents in neuronal populations

40
Q

For which measure must a whole population of neurons be active in synchrony to generate a large enough electrical field to be detectable?

A

EEG

41
Q

For which measure must neurons be aligned into parallel orientation so that their activity summates rather than cancels out?

A

EEG

42
Q

Where is the F electrode placed in EEG?

A

Frontal lobe

43
Q

Where is the P electrode placed in EEG?

A

Parietal lobe

44
Q

Where is the O electrode placed in EEG?

A

Occipital lobe

45
Q

Where is the T electrode placed in EEG?

A

Temporal lobe

46
Q

Where is the C electrode placed in EEG?

A

Central lobe

47
Q

In EEG, which number electrodes are situated on the left side of the midline?

A

Odd numbers. Right is even.

Remember, it is ODD to be LEFT handed

48
Q

How can The time-course of an EEG signal be qualified?

A

Using an event-related potential (ERP)

49
Q

With what unit is electrode potential measured?

A

Microvolts

50
Q

What does structural imaging measure?

A

The spatial configuration of different types of tissue in the brain

51
Q

Name two types of structural imaging techniques

A

MRI

CT

52
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

53
Q

What does CT scan stand for?

A

Computerised tomography

54
Q

Which type of scan is responsible for discovering brain tumour, haemorrhages and gross brain abnormalities?

A

CT computerised tomography

55
Q

Most human tissue is ________ based.

A

Water

56
Q

What does an MRI scan particularly focus on?

A

The behaviour of hydrogen atoms in a magnetic field

57
Q

What is a hydrogen atom made up of?

A

1 proton, 0 neutrons

58
Q

Structural imaging techniques are s_______?

A

Static

Psychology BSc (1 decks)

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