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BIO 216 Test 2 > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are interneurons found? What do they do?

A

-in the CNS(brain and spinal cord)
-integrate the information, formulate a response

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2
Q

Where are efferent and afferent neurons found?

A

-in the PNS

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3
Q

What are afferent neurons?

A

sensory neurons; pick up stimulus via sensory receptors transmit this info to interneurons (usually) in CNS

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4
Q

What are efferent neurons?

A

carry response signal to the muscles, glands so that response can be carried out

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5
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

type of efferent neuron that carries signals to the skeletal muscle.

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6
Q

What is the basis of information processing in the nervous system?

A

-Sense, Integrate, Act

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7
Q

What do most neurons have in their structure?

A

an enlarged cell body, dendrites, axon

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8
Q

What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve?

A
  • A neuron is a cell. A nerve is a cord-like structure that contains many axons; provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons.
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9
Q

What is contained in white matter?

A

-myelinated axons, glial cells

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10
Q

What is contained in grey matter?

A

-neuronal cell body

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11
Q

What does DAVE stand for in the context of PNS?

A

-Dorsal root-Afferent
-Ventral root-Efferent

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12
Q

What are glial cells?

A

-non-neuronal cells that provide nutrition and support to neurons
-ex. Ependymal cells produce cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

What is the Node of Ranvier

A

-gaps in the myelin that expose the axon membrane directly to extracellular fluid; speed the rate at which electrical impulses move along axons

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14
Q

What are the two types of signal conduction?

A

-Presynaptic (transmitting)
-Postsynaptic (receiving)

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15
Q

Define Synapse

A

The junction between the axon terminals of a neuron and the receiving cell

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16
Q

Where are electrical synapses found?

A

-found in pulp of tooth, heart muscle tissue and some smooth muscle

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17
Q

What are gap junctions in the context of electrical synapses?

A

-they allow current to flow directly between adjacent cells

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18
Q

What are connexons

A

protein tubes in the cell membrane

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19
Q

Action potential of one cell…

A

-causes action potential in the next cell, almost as if the tissue were one cell

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20
Q

How do chemical synapses work?

A

-Electrical impulse travels along the axon, arrives at the terminal
-neurotransmitter is released
-neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft, bind to the receptor on postsynaptic cell
-New electrical impulse is generated if enough neurotransmitter is bound

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21
Q

Which type of synapse- electrical or chemical… enables faster conductance of an action potential?

A

-Electrical synapse is faster than chemical synapse

22
Q

Which type of synapse-electrical or chemical is better modulated?

A

chemical synapse

23
Q

Which type of synapse-electrical or chemical enables synchronized electrical activity?

A

Electrical synapse enabled synchronized electrical activity among populations of neurons.

24
Q

Ions cross the cell membrane under two influences:

A

-diffusion(due to concentration gradient)
-electric fields

25
Q

Define electrochemical gradient

A

net-driving force; consists of concentration gradient and electrical gradient

26
Q

What voltage is the membrane potential at rest

A

70mV

27
Q

Is the membrane more permeable to potassium or sodium?

A

-potassium

28
Q

How does the sodium-potassium pump work

A

-3 sodium out, 2 potassium in
-higher sodium concentration outside
-higher potassium concentration inside

29
Q

In a resting neuron..

A

-Na+ and K+ channels are closed

30
Q

In a neuron membrane at rest, there are many more … leak channels open than there are ungated…. Leak channels open

A

-ungated potassium
-ungated sodium

31
Q

Define action potential

A

the abrupt and transient change in membrane potential that occurs when a neuron conducts an electrical impulse

32
Q

What is all or nothing in reference to action potential

A

once threshold is reached depolarization will occur and action potential will fire regardless of the strength of the stimulus

33
Q

Define absolute refractory period

A

time when an excitable membrane cannot generate an action potential in response to any stimulus

34
Q

Define relative refractory period

A

time during which excitable membrane will produce action potential but only to a stimulus of greater strength than the usual threshold strength

35
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the refractory period?
-It only lasts for a few milliseconds
-During the relative refractory period, the threshold required for generated an action potential is much higher than normal
-It keep impulses from traveling in both direactipons in neurons
-All of the above
-None of the above

A

-All of the above

36
Q

What would be the primary basis for the absolute refractory period?
-Not enough sodium ions left outside
-Sodium channels closed
-Sodium channels inactivated
-Voltage gated potassium channels open
Membrane is depolarized

A

Sodium channels inactivated
-Voltage gated potassium channels open

37
Q

The absolute refractory period occurs when…

A

-the voltage gated sodium channels are either already open or have proceeded to the inactive state. Then once they have been closed, the channels can reopen to a second stimulus

38
Q

What would be the basis for the relative refractory period (more than one answer)
-Not enough sodium ions left outside
-Sodium channels closed
-Some sodium channels still inactivated
-Voltage gated potassium channels open
-Membrane hyperpolarized

A

-Some sodium channels still inactivated
-Voltage gated potassium channels open
-Membrane hyperpolarized

39
Q

Conduction velocity

A

-is how fast an action potential travels down an axon
-lower diameter- lower internal resistance, faster conduction

40
Q

The intensity of a stimulus is indicated by

A

-the frequency of action potentials

41
Q

What is cable theory?

A

-the neuron is treated as an electrically passive, perfectly cylindrical transmission cable. It uses mathematical equations to calculate the flow of electric current along axons. Takes into account capacitance and resistance.

42
Q

The capacitances of a neuronal fiber is due to

A

electrostatic forces that act through the phospholipid bilayer

43
Q

The resistance (Longitudinal or internal resistance) is due to the

A

cytosol’s significant resistance to movement of electric charge

44
Q

The Nerst Equation

A

-predicts the equilibrium potential across the membraneof a cell for a singly charged positive ion

45
Q

The Goldman Equation

A

-predicts the membrane potential when the membrane is permeable to more than one ion

46
Q

Ependymal cells

A

produce cerebrospinal fluid

47
Q

Microglia

A

phagocytic cells that ingest and break down pathogens and waste products in the CNS

48
Q

Astrocyte

A

in CNS, cover the surfaces of blood vessels; for structural support, help maintain ion concentrations in the interstitial fluid surrounding them

49
Q

Satellite cells

A

similar function to astrocytes but are in the PNS

50
Q

Schwann cells

A

Form myelin sheath in PNS

51
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath in CNS

52
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Has an incredibly high concentration of voltage-activated sodium channels. Generally considered to be the spike initiation zone for action potentials. Multiple signals (from presynaptic neuronal terminals) are generated at the dendrites and transmitted by the soma. They all converge at the axon hillcock.

BIO 216 Test 2 (7 decks)

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