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Neuronal Communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Complex network of cells called neurones

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2
Q

What is the role of a sensory neurone?

A

Transmits impulse from receptor to the CNS

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3
Q

What is the role of a motor neurone?

A

Transmits impulse from CNS to effector

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4
Q

What is the role of a relay neurone?

A

Transmits impulse from sensory to motor

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5
Q

What can nerve impulses also be known as?

A

Action potential/Electrical impulses

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6
Q

What happens when a stimulus is detected?

A

Detected by receptor nerve impulse travels along sensory

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7
Q

What’s the role of neurotransmitters?

A

Transmits impulse from one neurone to next once it reaches end of neurone

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8
Q

What happens once CNS receives an impulse?

A

Info is processed and then impulse sent along motor neurone to effector for action

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9
Q

How do sensory receptors act as transducers?

A

Transmit stimulus energy into electrical energy

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10
Q

What type of energy can the nervous system use?

A

Electrical-only sends out info in electrical but stimuli can be other types of energy e.g. light so transducers convert

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11
Q

What is resting potential?

A

The voltage/ potential difference of receptor when there’s no stimulus/rest

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12
Q

How is the resting potential mantained?

A

With ions and pumps.

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13
Q

What happens when stimulus is detected by the receptor?

A

Generates action potential
-membrane becomes excited
-therefore more permeable to ions
-voltage/p.d changes

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14
Q

What is a generator potential

A

The change in p.d due to stimuli

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15
Q

What does a bigger stimuli mean for the p.d?

A

Bigger stimuli:
-Membrane more excited
-Membrane more permeable to ions
-Bigger difference in p.d / bigger generation potential

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16
Q

What does a big generator potential mean?

A

Action potential triggered
-Only triggered if threshold is reached

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17
Q

What does a weak stimuli mean?

A

-Not high enough generator potential
-Threshold not reached
-No action potential.

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18
Q

What type of receptors are pacinian corpuscle?

A

Mechanoreceptors-detect mechanical stimuli such as pressure and vibrations

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19
Q

Where can pacinian corpuscles be found and what do they contain?

A

In skin e.g. tips of fingers
-Contain end of sensory nerve/ sensory nerve ending
-Sensory nerve ending wrapped in connective tissue known as lamellae

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20
Q

What happens when pacinian corpsucle is stimulated?

A

-Lamallae deforms and nerve ending is touched
-This deforms stretched sodium mediated channels in sensory nerurone membrane
-More sodium ions diffuse in and generator potential is activated
-If threshold reached action potential triggered

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21
Q

What is the charge like in the resting period of a membrane of neurone?

A

Outside is more positively charged than the inside.
-More +ively charged ions on the outside than on the inside
-Polarised

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22
Q

What is the resting potential voltage?

A

-70mv

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23
Q

How is resting potential mantained?

A

Sodium pottasium ion pumps

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24
Q

What is the role of sodium pottasium ions in relation to sodium?

A

Moves sodium ions out but can’t bring them back in.

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25
Q

Why can’t sodium pottasium ion pumps bring sodium back into membrane?

A

Membrane isn’t permeable to them so can’t diffuse back in.
Generates sodium electrochemical gradient

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26
Q

What is the role of sodium pottasium ions in relation to pottasium ions?

A

Move in through sodium pottasium ion channels and because membrane is permeable to them they diffuse back out through pottasium ion channels.

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27
Q

What is the general movement of ions using the sodium pottasium ion pump?

A

For every 3 Na+ ions moved out 2 more K+ ions diffuse in. req A.T

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28
Q

What type of movement does the pottasium ion pump use?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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29
Q

What type of movement does the pottasium ion pump use?

A

Facilitated diffusion

30
Q

After action potential is generated what happens in the stimulus step?

A

-Sodium ion channels open
-Sodium dffuses in
-Inside is more positive

31
Q

After action potential is generated what happens in the depolarisation step?

A

-If threshold is reached sodium voltage gated channels open up
-Triggers more sodium ions to move in-positive feedback

32
Q

After action potential is generated what happens in the repolarisation step?

A

-When p.d of +30mv reached sodium ion channels close
-Pottasium voltage gated channels open
-Pottasium ions diffuse out
-Membrane beings to return back to resting potential-NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

33
Q

After action potential is generated what happens in the hyperpolarisation step?

A

-Slight ‘overshoot’ occurs becuase pottasium ion channels too slow to close
-This makes the inside more negative than resting potential… more negative than -70mv

34
Q

After action potential is generated what happens in the resting potentail step?

A

Membrane at rest
-Sodium pottatsium ion pump returns membrane to resting potential
-Membrane awaits next stimulus

35
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

Period of rest where membrane not affected by stimulus
-Both ion channels are closed/recovering and can;t open

36
Q

When does a wave of depolarisation occur?

A

Sodium ions diffuse sidways
-Triggers sodium channels in next neurone to open and sodium ions diffuse in

37
Q

What happens to the wave of depolarisation in the refractory period?

A

It moves away from membrane as it can’t be fired.

38
Q

What is the all or nothing principal?

A

If threshold isn’t reached then action potential won’t fire.

39
Q

Does a bigger stimulus equal a bigger action potential?

A

No-it means action potentials will be fired more frequently.

40
Q

In a myleinated neurone what happens at the nodes of ranvier?

A

Depolarisation-concentrated in sodium ion channels

41
Q

What is saltory conduction?

A

When the node generates enough action potential for it to skip to the next node

41
Q

What is saltory conduction?

A

The neurones cytoplasm generates enough electrical charge for it to jump to the next node really fast

42
Q

What is the difference between how an impulse travels in a myelinated neurone vs how it travels in a non myelinated neurone?

A

In non myelinated it travels across the length of the axon membrane as wave so not as fast as saltory conduction in myelinated

43
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction between
- one neurone and another neurone.
-one nuerone and an effector

44
Q

What is a synaptic cleft?

A

Gap between cells at a synapse

45
Q

What is a synaptic knob?

A

Found on pre synaptic neurone
-Contains synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitters

46
Q

What happens when action potential reaches end of neurone?

A

-Causes neurotransmitters to be released into synaptic cleft
-Diffuse accross post synaptic membrane and bind to specific receptors.

47
Q

What happens when neurotransmitters bind to receptors?

A

Can either
-Trigger action potential
-Muscle contraction
-Hormone relase from gland

48
Q

Why are neurotransmitters taken away from receptors?

A

So response doesn’t keep happening.

49
Q

How are neurotransmitters taken away from receptors?

A

Either broken down by enzymes
or taken back to the presynaptic neurone

50
Q

Name some different neurotransmitters.

A

Acetylcholine
Noradrenaline

51
Q

What is the synapse used by acetylcholine?

A

Cholinergenic synapses

52
Q

What receptors do acetylcholine use?

A

Cholinergenic receptors

53
Q

What enzyme is used to break down acetylcholihne?

A

Acetylycholinealterase AChE

54
Q

What happens when action potential reaches the synaptic knob on the presynaptic neurone?

A

Stimulates calcium voltage gated ion channels to open in the presynaptic neurone
-Calcium ions diffuse into the synaptic knob

55
Q

What does the influx of ca2+ ions in the synaptic knob cuase?

A

Causes synaptic vesicles to move to and fuse with presynaptic membrane.

56
Q

How do vesicles release neurotransmitters?

A

Released into synaptic cleft via exocytosis

57
Q

What happens when neurotransmitters bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane?

A

Causes sodium voltage gated channels to open
-Influx of na+ ions causes depolarisation to occur
-If threshold reached action potential is generated

58
Q

What is synaptic divergence?

A

One neurone will connect to other neurones spreads info around body

59
Q

What is synaptic convergence?

A

One neurone connects to other neurones and amplifies the information

60
Q

3What does a small stimulus mean in relation to neurotransmitters?

A

Small amount of neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft
-Membrane won’t be excited enough to reach threshold and action potential won’t be reached

61
Q

What is summation?

A

Where effect of neurotransmitters can be combined.

62
Q

What does spatial summation allow?

A

Signals from multiple stimuli are coordinated into a single response

63
Q

Why is spatial summation usefel?

A

When neurones converge the small amount of neurotransmitter released from each can be enough to reach threshold in post synaptic neurone to trigger action potential

64
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

When two or more impulses arrive from the same presynaptic neurone in quick succesion

65
Q

What does temporal summation mean in terms of action potential?

A

Makes action potential more likely as there’s more neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft.

66
Q

Why can receptors be found on post synaptic neurones?

A

Ensure that impulse travels in one direction

67
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

A type of autoimmune disease in which body attacks and destroys beta cells which affects the production of insulin

68
Q

What does type 1 diabetes mean in relation to glucose levels?

A

Glucose levels will remain high which could lead to death

69
Q

When does type 2 diabetes occur?

A

Beta cells don’t make enough insulin or doesn’t respond to insulin

Biology (1 decks)

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