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Biochemistry Final Exam > Neuromuscular Control > Flashcards

Neuromuscular Control Flashcards

1
Q

What structure in the muscle carries the action potential?

A

T-tubules

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2
Q

Where are small molecule neurotransmitters made?

A

in the nerve terminal

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3
Q

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ____ and ____.

A

dopamine; norepinephrine

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4
Q

_____ neurons innervate skeletal muscle and are considered motor neurons.

A

Somatic

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5
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

the motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates

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6
Q

Lidocaine is a _____ channel blocker.

A

voltage-gated Na+

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7
Q

What happens to the EPP in patients with myasthenia gravis?

A

the EPP may not trigger an action potential

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8
Q

Your patient comes in complaining of overall muscle weakness. You give her an injection of tensilon and she performs activities much better. Why is this?

A

tensilon is an acetylcholinesterase inhibtor, meaning it increases the amount of acetylcholine in the synapse; your patient likely does not typically have as much acetylcholine, so the injection increased the amount available to her for her body to use for muscle contractions

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9
Q

How is acetylcholine removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

acetylcholinesterase

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10
Q

The depolarization of Na+ causes what to happen?

A

the voltage-gated Na+ channels open (allowing even more Na+ in) and the action potential is propagated in the muscle fiber

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11
Q

____ allow the neurotransmitters to leak out of their vesicle and exit out of the reuptake channels and accumulate in the synapse.

A

Amphetamines

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12
Q

Does caffeine increase or decrease the production of cAMP?

A

increase (increases neuronal excitability)

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13
Q

Nicotine is an ____ to the acetylcholine nicotinic receptor channel; Curare is an ____ to the receptor.

A

agonist (+); antagonist (-)

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14
Q

Why must the neurons make the synthetic enzymes themselves?

A

because the neurotransmitters are made directly in the nerve terminal

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15
Q

What happens when the DHPR receptor contacts RyR1 on the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

calcium is released

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16
Q

_____ synthesizes acetylcholine; ____ breaks it down.

A

cholineacetyltransferase; acetylcholesterase

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17
Q

How are the actions of neurotransmitters terminated?

A
  1. transported into glial cells
  2. inactivating enzymes
  3. diffuse out of the synaptic cleft into blood, etc.
  4. packaged back into a vesicle on cleft via transporters
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18
Q

Blocking the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel ___ muscle contraction.

A

inhibits

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19
Q

Tensilon is an _____ inhibitor.

A

acetylcholinesterase

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20
Q

What agent blocks Ca2+ channels and prevents muscle contraction?

A

Conotoxin

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21
Q

____ cells are supporting cells of the brain that reuptake neurotransmitters transported out of the synaptic cleft.

A

Glial

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22
Q

What ion causes an end-plate potential (EPP) on the Ach nicotinic receptors?

A

Na+

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23
Q

Blocking the neuronal Na+ channel ___ muscle contraction.

A

inhibits

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24
Q

____ neurons are motor neurons that carry messages away from the CNS.

A

Efferent

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25
Q

Dystrophin acts as a structural protein to hold the ____ together.

A

sarcomere

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26
Q

Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) causes what to happen?

A

calcium goes on to bind to an adjacent ryanodine (RyR1) receptor and release more calcium

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27
Q

When can EPPs open voltage-gated Na+ channels?

A

after every potentiation/stimulation

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28
Q

Tetrodotoxin, Conotoxin, Tubocurarine, and botulinum toxin all _____ muscle contraction.

A

decrease

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29
Q

What agent inhibits acetylcholine release and prevents muscle contraction?

A

Botulinum toxin

30
Q

What structure of the muscle is a calcium reservoir?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

31
Q

Acetylcholine, Nicotine, and Physostigmine all ____ muscle contraction.

A

increase

32
Q

If the neuron releases glutamine, it is classified as _____.

A

glutamatergic

33
Q

If the neuron releases dopamine, it is classified as ____.

A

dopaminergic

34
Q

What agent blocks neuronal Na+ channels and prevents muscle contraction?

A

Tetrodotoxin

35
Q

Calcium induces muscle contraction via interaction of ___ and ___.

A

myosin; actin

36
Q

What is a graded response?

A

the transient EPSP or IPSP responses that come in from the dendrites

37
Q

Which receptors are activated by the influx of calcium into the terminal button and subsequent release of acetylcholine?

A

nicotinic receptors

38
Q

____ is an enzyme that deactivates acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.

A

Acetylcholinesterase

39
Q

How is calcium in muscle transferred back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

SERCA pump (sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase)

40
Q

Are the actions of nerve gas permanent?

A

YES - you would die

41
Q

If the neuron releases GABA, it is classified as ____.

A

GABAergic

42
Q

Nerve gas and some insecticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase, which allows the buildup of what?

A

acetylcholine (allowing constant muscle contraction)

43
Q

Acetylcholinesterase breaks acetylcholine down into ___ and ___.

A

choline; acetic acid

44
Q

Does the action potential only happen in the axon?

A

YES

45
Q

Serotonin, histamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are all ____-molecule neurotransmitters.

A

small

46
Q

_____ affect dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurons by increasing the release of and blocking the reuptake of these neurotransmitters.

A

Amphetamines

47
Q

If the neuron releases peptides, it is classified as ____.

A

peptidergic

48
Q

Where are peptide neurotransmitters made?

A

in the cell body of the neuron in the ER and Golgi

49
Q

As the action potential spreads down the T-tubule, into the muscle near the sarcoplasmic reticulum, what two components must bind in order to release calcium into the muscle?

A

DHPR and RyR1

50
Q

____ and ____ are voltage-gated Na+ channel blockers.

A

Lidocaine; Tetrodotoxin

51
Q

In a neuron, what might happen if the receptor and cell become stimulated over and over and over again?

A

the cell might:

  • place more receptors in the post-synaptic neuron
  • phosphorylate (sensitize) proteins to increase the response
  • increase more neurotransmitter from pre-synaptic neuron
52
Q

_____ neurons are sensory neurons that carry messages to the CNS.

A

Afferent

53
Q

What is the difference between an EPSP and an EPP?

A

EPP occurs in muscle and is ALWAYS able to cause an action potential; EPSPs may not always confer a response (axon hillock will determine that)

54
Q

When ____ is available, actin and myosin can interact with each other and cause muscle contraction.

A

calcium

55
Q

After a muscle contraction, how is calcium removed?

A
  1. SERCA back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

2. ATPase pump out of the cell

56
Q

_____ is a storage mechanism for calcium, located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, that binds calcium to allow the uptake of more.

A

Calsequestrin

57
Q

____ is an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies against the acetylcholine nicotinic receptors causing weakening of skeletal muscle.

A

Myasthenia gravis

58
Q

What do peptide neurotransmitters require for synthesis?

A

cell machinery - ER and Golgi

59
Q

Are the actions of physostigmine permanent?

A

NO

60
Q

If the neuron releases acetylcholine, it is classified as ____.

A

cholinergic

61
Q

Why do cocaine users “feel good” and are able to avoid sleeping for many hours?

A

because cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine (mood) and norepinephrine (wakefulness)

62
Q

What happens when the skeletal muscle becomes very disorganized, such as in patients with with a mutation in their dystrophin proteins?

A

contraction strength of muscle severely decreases

63
Q

SSRI’s inhibit the reuptake of ____ in the synaptic cleft, maintaining the levels available in the brain.

A

5-HT (serotonin)

64
Q

What element is critical for muscle contraction?

A

calcium

65
Q

The binding of acetylcholine to the nicotinic receptors allows which ion to depolarize the cell?

A

Na+ (and some outflow of K+, too)

66
Q

What agent blocks the acetylcholine receptor channel and prevents muscle contraction?

A

Tubocurarine

67
Q

Can the body put more receptors for a certain molecule into the synapse?

A

YES - if the cell becomes excited over and over again

68
Q

What must happen for DHPR receptors to bind to RyR1 and release calcium into the muscle?

A

they must change conformation after reacting to depolarization

69
Q

You are a dentist and inject your patient with lidocaine. You are blocking their pain by inhibiting what from happening?

A

the action potential of the voltage-gated Na+ channels

70
Q

If the neuron releases noradrenaline, it is classified as ____.

A

noradrenergic

71
Q

Where does long term potentiation primarily occur in the brain?

A

hippocampus

Biochemistry Final Exam (8 decks)

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