Neuromotor Basis

Question 1

CNS consists of:

Answer 1

Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 2

Types of Neurons

Answer 2

1. Sensory Neurons
2. Gamma motor neurons
3. Interneurons

Question 3

Types of Neurons:

Sensory Neurons

Answer 3

• Afferent

- part of PNS (bring sensory info to brain)

Question 4

Types of Neurons:

Gamma motor neurons

Answer 4

• Efferent
  i) Alpha motor neurons:
• from spinal cord to muscles
  ii) Gamma motor neurons:
• from spinal cord to intrafusal muscle fibers

Question 5

Types of Neurons:

Interneurons

Answer 5

• communicate b/t cells

- within spinal cord and brain

Question 6

Neuron Ratio

Answer 6

1 sensory neuron:
10 motor neurons:
200 000 inter neurons

This ratio is important because the more you have of something, the more important it is: it is more important to move than it is to feel

Question 7

The Brain:

Four areas associated with motor control

Answer 7

1. Diencephalon
2. Cerebrum
3. Brainstem
4. Cerebellum

Question 8

1. Diencephalon

Answer 8

Contains two groups of nuclei:

1. Thalmus:
   - relay station
   - involved in control of attention, mood and perception of pain
2. Hypothalamus
   - Control of endocrine system and body homeostasis

Question 9

2. Brainstem

Answer 9

3 components involved in motor control:

1. Pons
   - bridge b/t cerebral cortex and cerebellum
   - involved in control of various body functions (eg: chewing)
   - involved in balance control
2. Medulla Oblongata
   - Regulatory center for internal physiologic processes (eg, breathing, heartbeat)
   - crossover point for many neural pathways
3. Reticular Formation
   - integrates sensory and motor information
   - –inhibits/excited neural signals to skeletal muscles

Question 10

3. The Cerebrum

Answer 10

Two halves:

• right hemisphere
• left hemisphere
• connected by the corpus collasum

Covered by cerebral cortex:

• Grey matter tissue (2-5 mm thick)
• ridge = gyrus
• groove = sulcus

White matter tissue underneath cortex
=inner layer of myelinated nerves

Cortex motor neurons:

1. Pyrimidal cells:
   - primary cells for descending cortical signals
2. Non pyrimidal cells:
   - local innervations of adjacent pyrimidal cell neurons or interneurons

Question 11

Cortical Lobes:

Temporal Lobe

Answer 11

Hearing, memory, abstract thought, judgement

Question 12

Cortical Lobes:

Occipital Lobe

Answer 12

Visual perception

Question 13

Cortical Lobes:

Parietal Lobe

Answer 13

Perception of sensory information

Question 14

Cortical Lobes:

Frontal Lobe

Answer 14

Voluntary movement

Question 15

Sensory Cortex

-location and function

Answer 15

Location:
-Posterior to central sulcus

Function:

• Receive sensory information
• association areas integrate cognitive, sensory, and motor signals

Question 16

Primary Motor Cortex

-Location and structure

Answer 16

Location & Structure:

• Anterior to central sulcus
• Contains motor neurons that send axons to skeletal muscles

Function:

• initiate and coordinate movements
• Control fine motor skills
• Control and learn postural coordination (balance)

Question 17

Functional Map of the Brain:

Homunculus = “Little Man”

Answer 17

• • finish once get blanks from powerpoint**
• motor and sensory areas for specific body parts mapped out
• fairly consistent location b/t ppl but each brain is unigue and locations and/or amount of representation may be different

Brain is (blank**)
-Development of structure and functions depends, in part, by experience

Question 18

Premotor Area

-location and fuction

Answer 18

* Need blanks from powerpoint
Location:
Frontal lobe, anterior to the primary motor cortex

Function:

• Organization of movements BEFORE initiation
• Rhythmic coordination (Blank) movement (transistions b/t sequential movements)
• invloved in performance benefit from (Blank) of another person performing a skill

Question 19

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)

-location and function

Answer 19

Location:
medial surface of front lobe adjacent to portions of the primary motor cortex

Function:

• control sequential movements
• Pre-SMA area especially invloved in movement preparation and organization

Question 20

Parietal Lobe

-Function

Answer 20

involved in the integration of movement preparation and execution

• interacts with the promotor cortex, primary motor cortex, and SMA before and during movement
• Posterior-parietal cortex involved in visuo-motor transformation