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ACVECC prep 2022 > Neurology - physiology > Flashcards

Neurology - physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Types of synapses

A

Chemical: uses a neurotransmitter that will act on receptor proteins in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. Main type in CNS.

Electrical: cytoplasm of adjacent cells are directly connected by ion channels (AKA gap junctions), allowing free movement of ions - less common in CNS but still present.

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2
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A
  1. Small molecules, rapid acting NT
  2. Neuropeptides - slower, prolonged action
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3
Q

Small neurotransmitters - classification

A

Class I - acetylcholine (excitatory except on Vagus N.)

Class II - the amines: Norepinephrine (excitatory), epinephrine (excitatory), dopamine (inhibitory), serotonin (inhibitory), histamine

Class III - amino acids: gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA - inhibitory), glycine (inhibitory), glutamate (excitatory), aspartate (excitatory)

Class IV: nitric oxide

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4
Q

Neuropeptides - what is an examples

A

Larger molecules with prolonged action compared to small neurotransmitters. Synthesized in ribosomes, modified in Golgi apparatus (split and placed into vesicles), released into the cytoplasm then transferred to the synaptic terminal via the axon.

Examples: ACTH, prolactin, GH, thyrotropin, LH, ADH, oxytocin, substance P, gastrin, CCK, insulin, glucagon, angiotensin II, calcitonin…

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5
Q

Resting membrane potential of nerves

A
  • 65mV for SOMA of spinal motor neurons
  • 90 mV for PERIPHERAL nerve fibers
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6
Q

Nerst potential + equation

A

A potential that exactly opposes movement of an ion (potential inside the membrane)

EMF (mV) = +/- 61 / Z x Log (Ci / Co)

Where:
EMF: electromotvie force
Z: electrical charge of the ion (for example, K: +1, Ca: +2, Cl: -1)
Ci: concentration inside the cell
Co: concentration outside the cell

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7
Q

Goldman potential + equation

(AKA Goldman - Hodgkin - Katz equation)

A

Used to calculate the diffusion potential when the membrane is permeable to several different ions. Depends on:

1) Charge of the ion (positive or negative)
2) Concentration inside and outside the cell
3) Permeability of the membrane to that ion - main ones are Na, K and Cl

EMF (mV) = -61 x [log (CNai + PNai) + (CKi + PK) + (CClo + PCl) / (CNao + PNa) + (CKo + PK) + (CCli + PCl)

Where:

EMF: electromotive force

C: concentration

P: permeability

I: inside

O: outside

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8
Q

Types of sensory receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors - compressing / stretching

Nociceptors - pain

Thermoreceptors - temperature changes

Photo / electromagnetic receptors - light in retina

Chemoreceptors - O2, CO2, taste, smell, osmolality

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9
Q

Types of cells in the NS

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Glial cells
    1. Astrocytes - for metabolic support for neurons, synthetize the neurotransmitters
    2. Oligodendrocytes - synthesize myelin in CNS
    3. Schwann cells - synthesize myelin in PNS
      1. Microglial cells - proliferate after neuronal injury - scavengers for cellular debris.
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10
Q

What is presynaptic inhibition

A

Release of an inhibitory substance onto the outside of the presynaptic nerve. In most instances is GABA.

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11
Q

Erlanger & Gasser nerve fiber classification

A
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12
Q

CN

A

On - I - Olfactory Some - sensory

Occasions - II - Optic Say - sensory

Our - III - Occulomotor Money - motor

Trusty - IV - Trochlear Matters - motor

Truck - V - Trigeminal But - both

Acts - VI - Abducens My - motor

Funny - VII - Facial Brother - both

Very - VIII - Vestibulocochlear Says - sensory

Good - IX - Glosopharyngeal Big - both

Vehicle - X - Vagus Brains - both

Any - XI - Accessory Matter - motor

How - XII - Hypoglossal More - motor

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13
Q

Organization of the NS

A

CNS

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14
Q

Autonomic centers (brainstem and hypothalamus)

A

Medulla:

  • Vasomotor center
  • Respiratory center (dorsal respiratory group - DRG and ventral respiratory group - VRG)
  • Swallowing, coughing and vomiting center

Pons:

  • Pontine respiratory group - pneumotaxic center and apneustic center

Midbrain:

  • Micturition center

Hypothalamus:

  • Thirst and food intake centers
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15
Q

Major determinants for resting membrane potential?

A
  1. Na/K ATPase pump
  2. Diffusion potentials (chemical and electrical - where an ion will move towards a dynamic equilibrium as long as it can flow across the membrane.
  3. Membrane permeability to the different ions.
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16
Q

Neuronal action potential phases and graph

A
  1. Depolarization - voltage-gated Na channels open - Na goes in
  2. Repolarization - K channels open - K goes out
  3. Hyperpolarization - K channels still open - K continues to go out making inside cell more negative
17
Q

Main NT involved in seizures in SA

A
  1. GABA - inhibitory NT
  2. Glutamate - excitatory NT
18
Q

What influences speed of action potential conduction?

A

Axon diameter and myelination

ACVECC prep 2022 (19 decks)

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