Neurology-intro Flashcards
WHat parts constitute the CNS? And what is part of the PNS?
CNS-central nervous system-brain+spinal cord
PNS-everything else-like nerves
What 2 categories can the PNS be split into?
Somatic PNS-or the concious controlled ones-control motors neurons to skeletal muscle and sensory neurons to the skin
Autonomic nervous system-regulate viscera: internal organs, SMC, pupils, sweat, blood , etc everything that isnt consious
What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomous PNS?
They work opposite to one another to control opposites-eg: sympathetic dilate pupil, parasympathetic contricts
Sympathetic-spinal ONLY
parasympathetic-spinal and cranial nerves
What is afferent and efferent?
Efferent-E-EXIT -neurones that exit the brains, mostly for motor division (wether somatic or autonomous)
Afferent-A-ARRIVE-neurones that send information to brain-sensory (sensory or autonomous
What are the 6 main regions of the brain and what are their functions?
Frontal lobe-movement like walking, personality, decision
Parietal-sensing/controlling limbs-very sensitive (two point discrimination)
Occipital-Visual complex
Temporal-(under frontal and parietal)-sensory (audition, complex, part of personality
Cerebellum-fine movement
Brain stem-all neurones needed to keep alive (heart function, etc)
What joins the 2 brain hemispheres? And why is the brain folded?
Brain hemispheres are joined by the Corpus Collosum (under occipital)
The folds greatly increase the surface area and the packing efficiency-allow MANY more neurones in
What are cranial nerves? Give their names and a mneumonic?
12 Cranial nerves sit under the brain and dont go into the spine and control face neurones, smell, eyes, and guts and more
Olfactory I, Optic II, Oculomotor III, Trochlear IV, Trigeminal V, Abducens VI, Facial VII, Vestibulocochlear VIII, Glossopharyngeal IX, Vagus X, accessory XI, Hypoglossal XII
Ooh Ooh Ohh, to touch and feel very good velvet such heaven
What are meninges? What are their main layers?
Hard layer between skull and brain
Outer layer-Dura Mater
Then Inner layer of dura Mater
Then Arachnoid before actial brain
What is the basic organisation of the spinal cord? Explan the difference between dorsal root and ventral root, white matter and grey matter
Spinal cord-butterfly shape of grey matter (neuronal bodies, synapses, dendrites and axon terminals
Sourrounded by white matter-axons going past, glia cells
Out of the back (dorsal) or the grey matter, Dorsal root (sensory, afferent) arrives there-with a distal ganglia (with cell bodies of sensory neurones)
Out of the front-ventral efferent root (motor neurones)
Explain the basic look of an average neurone and 4 morphologies observed in neurones?
Large cell body (soma), with large nucleus and nucleolus-dendrites coming out of there
1 axon hillock leading to axon coming out (possibly splitting at terminal)-can be covered in myelin (pain neurones arent)
Can be Unipolar (one off shoot-axon)
Bipolar-2 offshoots of cell body-axon and possibly sensory receptor or somthing
Pseudo-unipolar-one offshoot that splits into 2 after
Multipolar-many dendrites and one axon-many offshoots -most cells are that
Explain axon packaging to make nerves.
Spinal nerves contain BOTH afferent and efferent axons
Bundled into fascicles in perineurum-then these are packed into epineurium (with other and blood vessems)
Indivudual axon can be packed in myelin and endoneurium
What are the different regeneration capabilities of the PNS and CNS?
PSN-can regenerate after injury-phagocytes can clear up and remove what could inhibit regrowth
BUT sometimes abberent axon sprouting causin non specific reinervaztion-neuropathic pain
CNS-very liimited regnerative-glia exert inhibtory influence, glia scars instead of regwroth, absence of guidance
When do sensory neurones switch side to reach the opposite lobe of the brain? How about pain neurones? And motor neurones? And vestibulospinal neurones?
Sensory neurones switch in the medulla-so close to the brain (spinal unjur cause same side effect, brain cause oppisite)
Pain neurones switch in the spine as soon as they enter-nearly always opposite side
Motor neurones-swicth in the medulla
Vestibuli-medulla
