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Year 3 Medicine > Neurology e lecture > Flashcards

Neurology e lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal column vs spinothalamic pathway

A
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2
Q

4 categories of causes of coma

A
  1. metabolic
  2. diffuse intracranial (injury to the brain itself)
  3. space occupying lesions
  4. brainstem injury
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3
Q

Metabolic causes of coma

A
  • hypoglycaemia
  • hypercalcaemia
  • diabetes mellitus
  • drug overdose
  • “the failures”
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4
Q

Diffuse intracranial causes of coma

A
  • meningitis
  • encephalitis
  • SAH
  • trauma
  • epilepsy
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5
Q

Examples of hemispheric lesions causing coma

A
  • cerebral infarct
  • cerebral haemorrghage
  • subdural hematoma
  • extradural hematoma
  • abscess
  • tumour
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6
Q

Brainstem causes of coma

A
  • brainstem infarct
  • tumour
  • abscess
  • cerebellar haemorrghage
  • cerebellar infarct
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7
Q

Concepts of consicousness

A

Vegetative state: brainstem is intact but there’s vast damage to the rest of the cortex.

Locked in syndrome: brainstem is largely intact. Patient can’t MOVE.

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8
Q

Definition of seizure

A

Paradoxical discharge of cerebral neurones which is apparent to an external observer (eg generalised seziure) or as an abnormal perceptual experience by the subject

i.e. it’s the physical manifestation of sudden changes in electrical activity in the brain

Symptoms:

  • abnormal perceptual exprience by subject
  • paradoxical cerebral discharge
  • body stiffening
  • TACHYCARDIA
  • breathing may be absent in a tonic-clonic seizure
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9
Q

Definition of epilepsy

A

A RECURRING tendency to have seizures

(diff from a seizure- seizure is a one off event whereas epilepsy is recurrent seizures)

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10
Q

Two broad categories of seizures in epilepsy

A
  1. generalised- affects diff parts of the brain
  2. partial- affects a localised area of the brain
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11
Q

Types of generalised seizures in epilepsy

A

(All of these are generalised seizures, affecting different parts of the brain simultaneously. Tonic-clonic is the most common type)

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12
Q

Types of partial seizures in epilepsy

A
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13
Q

Status epilepticus

A
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14
Q

How do patients with LIS communicate?

A

Vertical eye movements and blinking

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15
Q

Coma vs vegetative state vs LIS vs minimally conscious state

A

Coma: patients may have reflexes and postural movements

Vegetative state: may be purposeful movement and withdrawal from noxious stimuli

MCS: may reach for objects and localise noxious stimuli

LIS: quadriplegia

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16
Q

Broadly what is the mechanism for headaches?

A

The brain doesn’t have pain receptors but the meninges and blood vessels do.

Pains are referred back into trigeminal nerves and C2 root (occipital nerve)

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17
Q

Causes of acute single headaches

A
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18
Q

Causes of recurrent headaches

A
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19
Q

Causes of a triggered headache

A
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20
Q

Causes of dull headache with increasing severity

A
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21
Q

Causes of dull headache, unchanegd over time

A
22
Q

Broad mechanisms of syncope

A

Anything that reduces perfusion of the brain.

  1. Things affecting HR
  2. Things affecting stroke volume: acute and chronic
  3. Other
23
Q

Causes of syncope: things affecting Heart rate

A
  • bradycardia
  • complete heart block
  • tachycardia
  • ventriuclar tachycardia
24
Q

Causes of syncope: things that affect stroke volume

A

Acute vs chronic

25
Q

Causes of syncope: things affecting peripheral resistance

A
26
Q

Definitino of stroke

A

Rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (or global) disturbance of cerebral function, with symptoms lasting 24 hours or more, with no apparent cause other than that of vascular origin.

27
Q

Symptoms of stroke in anterior circulation of the brian

A
  • contralateral hemiparesis
  • aphasia
  • apraxia
  • visual neglect
28
Q

Symptoms of stroke in posterior circulation of the brain

A

4Ds + Ataxia

Dysphagia

Diplopia

Dysarthria (slurred speech)

Dizziness (vertigo)

Ataxia

29
Q

Define TIA

A

Acute episodes of focal disturbance of cerebral or visual function, lasting less than 24h, due to inadequate blood supply

30
Q

Symptoms of PICA

A

Ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia

31
Q

Symptoms of posterior cerebral artery stroke

A
32
Q

Symptoms of middle cerebral artery stroke

A
33
Q

Which artery is affected in LIS?

A

Basilar artery

34
Q

Important brain infections

A
  • meningitis- affects the meninges
  • encephalitis- within the substance of the brian (often affects temporal lobe)
35
Q

Organisms that can cause meningitis

A
36
Q

Definition of PD

A
37
Q

Symptoms of PD on the face

A
38
Q

Symptoms of PD: gait

A
39
Q

Tremor in PD

A
40
Q

Rigidity in PD

A
41
Q

Main drug for PD

A

L-DOPA

Precursor of dopamine, able to cross the BBB unlike dopamine.

eg Sinamet, Madopar

42
Q

L-Dopa side-effects

A
43
Q

What happens in MS?

A
44
Q

Which areas are commonly affected by MS?

A
45
Q

Examples of sensory and motor neuropathies

A
46
Q

Classification of polyneuropathies

A
47
Q

What causes radial nerve palsy?

A

AKA saturday night palsy.

Caused byd raping the arm over back of chair for hours

48
Q

Type of neuropathy in renal disease

A

Progressive sensorimotor neuropathy

49
Q

Type of neuropathy in connective tissue disease

A

Mononeuritis multiplex

50
Q

Type of neuropathy in Alcoholic neuropathy

A

Progressing numbness, burning pains, distal muscle weakness

51
Q

Type of neuropathy in AIP

A

Motor neuropathy and abdominal pain

52
Q
A

Year 3 Medicine (9 decks)

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