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Neurology and Paediactrics > Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation > Flashcards

Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation Flashcards

1
Q

What is neurology?

A

Neurology is the management of diseases of the nervous system, involving diagnosis, pharmacological and behavioral management, and prognosis.

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2
Q

What does “neurology” mean in Greek?

A

“Neuron,” meaning “nerve.”

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3
Q

What is neurology’s role in the UK healthcare system?

A

It is a tertiary referral service requiring a multidisciplinary approach.

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4
Q

Name some common neurological disorders.

A

Stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.

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5
Q

How can neurological disorders impact patients?

A

They may struggle with speech, swallowing, memory loss, and other cognitive or motor functions.

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6
Q

Who are the core professionals in a multidisciplinary neurology team?

A

Neurologist, neuroradiologist, neurophysiologist, neuropathologist, and neurosurgeon.

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7
Q

Name additional healthcare professionals involved in neurology.

A

SLT (Speech-Language Therapist), physiotherapist, OT (Occupational Therapist), dietician, neuropsychologist, social worker, ward nurses, and specialist nurses.

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8
Q

What is the SLT’s role in neurology?

A

SLTs assist with differential diagnosis, assess the impact on patients, provide therapy, and evaluate progress for speech, language, and swallowing issues.

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9
Q

How many lobes does the cerebral cortex have and what are they?

A

Four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

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10
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Decision-making, problem-solving, attention, speech production, emotional control, and body movement.

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11
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

Processes visual information, including color, motion, and orientation.

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12
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Processes sensory information like touch, pain, and temperature; helps with spatial orientation.

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13
Q

What does the temporal lobe control?

A

Language comprehension, memory, hearing, and sound-to-visual interpretation.

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14
Q

What are the main parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body, dendrites, nucleus, axon, myelin sheaths, and axon terminals.

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15
Q

What is the difference between sensory and motor neurons?

A

Sensory neurons carry impulses to the CNS and are unipolar, while motor neurons carry impulses from the CNS to effectors and are multipolar.

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16
Q

Where are sensory neurons located?

A

In the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal nerve.

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17
Q

Where are motor neurons located?

A

In the ventral root ganglion of the spinal cord.

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18
Q

What is an interneuron?

A

A neuron that connects sensory and motor neurons within the CNS.

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19
Q

Define “neurological rehabilitation.”

A
  • An educational, interdisciplinary process
  • “disabled person is helped to acquire knowledge and skills to maximise their physical, psychological and social functioning
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20
Q

What are the key goals of neurological rehabilitation?

A

To reduce activity limitations, promote social participation, and minimize complications.

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20
Q

What are the basic approaches in neurorehabilitation?

A

Reducing disability, acquiring new skills and strategies, and altering the physical/social environment.

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21
Q

What are neurodegenerative disorders?

A

Chronic, incurable conditions that progressively damage the nervous system.

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22
Q

Name some examples of neurodegenerative disorders.

A

Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and motor neuron disease.

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23
Q

What is the primary treatment goal for neurodegenerative disorders?

A

To treat symptoms and slow progression to improve quality of life.

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24
Q

What are some tasks in the rehabilitation process?

A

Working with patients and families, providing accurate information, and setting realistic rehabilitation goals.

25
Q

How does neurorehabilitation support individuals with non-progressive impairments?

A

Through varied improvement levels: full recovery, steady improvement, or managing residual disability.

26
Q

What are common cognitive responses to injury in neurorehabilitation?

A

Appraising injury implications, using coping strategies, and managing self-esteem changes.

27
Q

What are some emotional responses to physical injuries?

A

Denial, anger, depression, acceptance, and grief.

28
Q

Name some behavioral responses patients may exhibit during rehabilitation.

A

Coping through social support, isolating, or learning about their condition to adhere to rehabilitation programs.

29
Q

What is the primary function of sensory neurons?

A

Sensory neurons carry sensory information from the sensory organs to the central nervous system (CNS).

30
Q

What is the primary function of motor neurons?

A

Motor neurons carry impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands, enabling movement or response.

31
Q

Approximately how many sensory neurons are in the human body?

A

There are about 10 million sensory neurons in the human body.

32
Q

Where are motor neurons located?

A

In the ventral root ganglion of the spinal cord.

33
Q

What type of structure do motor neurons have?

A

They are multipolar, with multiple dendrites and one axon.

34
Q

Approximately how many motor neurons are in the human body?

A

There are about half a million motor neurons in the human body.

35
Q

In which direction do signals travel in sensory vs. motor neurons?

A

Signals in sensory neurons travel toward the CNS, while signals in motor neurons travel away from the CNS to effectors.

35
Q

What does “client-centered goals” mean in neurological rehabilitation?

A

It means focusing on the individual needs and priorities of the patient to create personalized rehabilitation goals.

36
Q

Why is a client-centered approach important in rehabilitation?

A

It enhances patient motivation and engagement by aligning therapy with what is meaningful to the patient.

37
Q

What is the focus of “functional practice” in rehabilitation?

A

Emphasizing real-life, practical activities that aid in daily living skills and independence.

38
Q

Why is functional practice beneficial in neurorehabilitation?

A

It helps patients regain autonomy in essential tasks, making therapy more relevant to their everyday life.

39
Q

What does “active participation” refer to in neurorehabilitation?

A

The patient’s active involvement in their rehabilitation process and decision-making.

40
Q

How does active participation impact rehabilitation outcomes?

A

It increases motivation and adherence, leading to more successful outcomes.

41
Q

Why are “repetition and intensity” important in neurorehabilitation?

A

Repeated practice and consistent intensity help strengthen neural pathways, enhancing skill retention and recovery.

42
Q

What is the benefit of repetitive practice for patients?

A

It solidifies motor and cognitive skills, promoting long-term improvement.

43
Q

What neurological diseases are leading causes of mortality and disability in older adults?

A

Dementia, stroke, and Parkinson’s disease.

44
Q

How do stroke, Parkinson’s, and dementia interact in terms of risk?

A

Stroke and Parkinson’s patients are at increased risk for dementia, and dementia patients are at increased risk of stroke.

45
Q

How do funding and research efforts for neurological diseases compare to those for cancer and heart disease?

A

Neurological diseases are understudied in prevention and underfunded compared to cancer and heart disease.

46
Q

What was the purpose of the Rotterdam study?

A

To study the lifetime risk of dementia, stroke, and parkinsonism over time in a large population sample

47
Q

How many individuals were included in the Rotterdam study, and what were the inclusion criteria?

A

12,102 individuals (57.7% women) aged 45 or older, all free of dementia, stroke, and parkinsonism at baseline.

48
Q

What were the main aspects studied in relation to dementia, stroke, and parkinsonism?

A

Lifetime risk, co-occurrence, and disease-specific risk for these conditions by age and gender.

49
Q

How did researchers project the effects of hypothetical preventive strategies?

A

By estimating the impact on lifetime risk if disease onset was delayed by 1, 2, or 3 years.

50
Q

Over the 26-year follow-up, how many individuals were diagnosed with dementia, stroke, and parkinsonism?

A

1,489 with dementia, 1,285 with stroke, and 263 with parkinsonism.

51
Q

How common was it for individuals to be diagnosed with multiple diseases?

A

14.6% (438 individuals) were diagnosed with multiple neurological diseases.

52
Q

What was the observed gender difference in co-occurrence of stroke and dementia?

A

Women were nearly twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with both stroke and dementia in their lifetime.

53
Q

What was the lifetime risk of developing any of the three diseases at age 45 for women and men?

A

48.2% for women and 36.2% for men

54
Q

Which disease showed the highest lifetime risk difference between men and women?

A

Dementia, with a significantly higher risk in women compared to men.

55
Q

How did lifetime risks for stroke and parkinsonism compare between men and women?

A

The risk for stroke was nearly identical (19.0% for women, 18.9% for men), and for parkinsonism was similar (3.3% for women, 3.6% for men).

56
Q

What is the estimated lifetime risk for women versus men in developing dementia, stroke, or parkinsonism?

A

Approximately one in two for women and one in three for men.

57
Q

In terms of co-occurrence, how does gender affect the likelihood of developing both stroke and dementia?

A

Women are twice as likely as men to develop both conditions.

58
Q

What does the study suggest about the potential for reducing these risks?

A

The risks are highly amenable to preventive interventions at a population level.

Neurology and Paediactrics (3 decks)

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