Neurology Flashcards
Functions of frontal lobe
- Motor cortex for contralateral side= precentral gyrus
- Broca’s area, speech output inferior frontal gyrus
- Emotions
Function of parietal lobe
- Sensory cortex for contralateral side = postcentral gyrus
Functions of temporal lobe
- Memory
2. Wernicke’s area, comprehension of speech = superior temporal gyrus
Function of occipital lobe
- Vision
UMN signs (CNS)
- inc tone (spasticity)
- weakness, no wasting
- brisk reflexes + clonus
- upgoing plantars
LMN signs (PNS)
- Reduced tone
- weakness, wasting, fasciculation
- reduced or absent reflexes
- normal plantar
Name and describe the motor tract
Corticospinal
UMN in motor cortex (precentral gyrus) -> medulla where it crosses to contralteral side -> spinal level of action -> ventral root (LMN) -> muscle
Name the 2 sensory pathways and what they transmit
- Spinothalamic- pain and temp (coarse)
2. Dorsal/posterior column- position and vibration (fine)
Describe the spinothalamic pathway
Nociceptors or thermoreceptors detect impulse -> dorsal root -> dorsal horn and crosses to contralateral side AT SAME SPINAL LEVEL -> post central gyrus sensory cortex
Describe the posterior/dorsal column pathway
proprioceptors or mechanoreceptors detect stimuli -> afferent to dorsal root ganglion/horn -> up to medulla and CROSSES TO CONTRALATERAL SIDE AT MEDULLA-> thalamus-> sensory cortex
Biceps reflex at level
C5
Supinator reflex at level
C6
Triceps reflex at level
C7
Knee Jerk at level
L4
Ankle reflex at level
S1
What is a negative symptom
Partial or complete failure of impulse conduction leading to loss/reduction of function
What are positive symptoms
Exaggeration of a physiological phenomenon eg seizure, tremor, trigeminal neuralgia
Hemiplegia
severe/complete loss of strength on one side of body
Hemiparesis
slight weakness on one side of body
Paraparesis
bilateral leg weakness
Spondylosis
AGE RELATED degeneration of intervertebral discs
Define MND
Progressive DEGENERATION of ANTERIOR horn cells- where UMN from motor cortex synapse and LMN begin -> muscle.
MND presentation
U+LMN signs Widespread fasciculations NO sensory signs Men > women Chronic and BILATERAL symptoms can include speech
DD for MND
Cervical myelopathy (spinal cord compression)