Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Hark and Paul's clinical review > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of Parkinsonism?

A
  • Idiopathic (Parkinson’s disease) most common
  • Parkinson Plus Syndromes e.g. PSP, MSA, CBD, DLB
  • Basal ganglia disorders e.g. tumours, Wilson’s disease
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus
  • Dementia Pugilistica (chronic head injury)
  • Drugs e.g. chlorpromazine, metoclopramide, prochlorperazine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

What are the causes of pes cavus?

A 
>BILATERAL
-Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
-Friedrich's ataxia
-Muscular dystrophies
-Spinal muscular atrophy
-Spinal cord tumours
-Syringomyelia
-Hereditary spastic paraparesis
-Cerebral palsy
>UNILATERAL
-Polomyelitis, Malunion of calcaneal/talar fractures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cerebellar Syndrome

What are the causes of bilateral cerebellar signs?

A

> Mnemonic: MAPLE

  • MS
  • Alcohol, Arnold-Chiari malformation
  • Phenytoin
  • Large space occupying lesion
  • Endocrine (hypothyroidism)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Myotonic Dystrophy

Name the trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders.

A
  • Myotonic dystrophy
  • Huntington’s disease
  • Friedrich’s ataxia
  • Fragile X syndrome
  • Spinocerebellar ataxia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Myotonic dystrophy

What myopathies cause distal wasting and weakness?

A
  • Myotonic dystrophy
  • Inclusion body myositis
  • Oculopharyngodistal myopathy
  • Welander distal myopathy
  • Finish distal myopathy
  • Markesbury distal myopathy
  • Miyoshi myopathy
  • Hereditary Motor & Sensory Neuropathy
  • Distal spinal muscular atrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the causes of Peripheral Neuropathy?

A

> Mnemonic DAM IT BITCH:

  • Drugs
  • Alcohol
  • Metabolic (diabetes, uraemia)
  • Idiopathic & Infiltrative (amyloidosis)
  • Toxins (botulism)
  • B12 deficiency
  • Infection (HIV, leprosy) & Post-Infectious (GBS)
  • Tumour (paraneoplastic)
  • Connective tissue & Congenital
  • Hypothyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What drugs can cause Peripheral Neuropathy?

A 
>Motor:
-Dapsone
>Sensory: Antimicrobials
-Metronidazole
-Isoniazide
-Pyridoxine
-Chloroquine
>Sensorimotor: Chemotherapy
-Vincristine
-Vinblastine
-Cisplatin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Peripheral Neuropathy

What conditions can cause thickening of peripheral nerves?

A
  • Leprosy
  • Amyloidosis
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
  • Acromegaly
  • Neurofibromatosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Friedrich’s Ataxia

What are the causes of an absent ankle jerks with extensor plantar response?

A
  • Friedrich’s ataxia
  • Motor neurone disease
  • Subacute combined degeneration of the cord (B12 deficiency)
  • Tabes dorsalis
  • Conus medullaris lesion
  • Combination of conditions e.g. peripheral neuropathy & stroke or peripheral neuropathy & cervical myelopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the differential diagnoses of Multiple sclerosis?

A
  • Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic’s disease)
  • Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
  • Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
  • Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis
  • Isolated Optic Neuritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the different types of Nystagmus?

A
  • Cerebellar Nystagmus: Coarse horizontal nystagmus, Fast component towards side of lesion.
  • Peripheral Vestibular Nystagmus: Horizontal nystagmus, Fast component away from side of lesion
  • Central Vestibular Nystagmus:Horizontal/Vertical/Rotatory/Mixed. Can be bidirectional.
  • Ataxia Nystagmus: INO
  • Pendular Nystagmus: Blindness/Congenital
  • Downbeat Nystagmus: Lesion at Foramen magnum.
  • Upbeat Nystagmus: Cerebellum or Medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ophthalmoplegia

What are the features of a VI Nerve Palsy?
What are the causes of a VI Nerve Palsy?

A

> Features:
-Convergent strabismus at rest
-Impaired abduction of affected side
Causes:
-Raised intracranial pressure
-Cavernous sinus lesions (tumour, infection, thrombosis, aneurysm)
-Vascular (infarct, haemorrhage, basilar artery aneurysm)
-Inflammation (multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis)
-Infection (syphilis)
-Mononeuritis Multiplex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ophthalmoplegia

What are the features of a III Nerve Palsy?
What are the causes of a III Nerve Palsy?

A 
>Features:
-Divergent strabismus
-Pupil down & out
-Pupil fixed & dilated
>Causes:
-Posterior communicating artery aneurysm
-Cavernous sinus lesions
-Vascular
-Inflammation
-Infection
-Mononeuritis Multiplex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ophthalmoplegia

What are the features of a IV Nerve Palsy?
What are the causes of a IV Nerve Palsy?

A 
>Features:
-Affected eye higher than normal eye in primary gaze
-Adduced eye cannot look down
-Characteristic head tilt away from affected side
>Causes:
-Trauma
-Cavernous sinus lesion
-Mononeuritis Multiplex
-Brainstem lesion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ophthalmoplegia

What are the structures in the cavernous sinus?
What are the causes of a cavernous sinus syndrome?

A

> Structures:
-Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, Va/Vb
-Sympathetic carotid plexus
-Intracavernous carotid artery
Causes:
-Tumour (meningioma, neurofibroma, nasopharyngeal)
-Trauma
-Thrombosis
-Infection & Inflammation (HZA, TB, Sarcoidosis, GPA)
-Aneurysm (Intracavernous carotid artery, PCOM artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for Myasthenia Gravis?

A
  • Botulism
  • Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
  • Mitochondrial myopathy
  • Miller-Fisher Syndrome
  • Snake bites
  • Avoid Aminoglycosides, Phenytoin, Antimuscarinic agents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the lesion in the following visual field defects:

bitemporal hemianopia, homonymous hemianopia, homonymous upper quadrantanopia, homonymous lower quadrantanopia?

A
  • Bitemporal hemianopia: Optic chiasm.DDx include pituitary tumour, craniopharyngioma, suprasellar meningioma.
  • Homonymous hemianopia: Optic tract or radiation.
  • Homonymous upper quadrantanopia: Temporal cortex.
  • Homonymous lower quadrantanopia: Parietal cortex.

DDx include cerebrovascular accident, intracranial tumour, trauma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the differential diagnoses of wasting of small muscles of the hands?

A

> Anterior Horn Cells at C8-T1:
-Motor neurone disease, Syringomyelia, Cervical Cord tumour, Distal spinal muscular atrophy, HMSN, Friedrich’s ataxia, Old poliomyelitis, Polyneuropathy
Nerve Root at C8-T1:
-Pancoast tumour, Neurofibroma, Cervical myelopathy
Lower Brachial Plexus:
-Pancoast tumour, Cervical myelopathy
Muscle Disorders:
-Myotonic dystrophy, Distal muscular dystrophies
Trophic: Disuse, Complex pain syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the clinical features of syringomyelia?

What are other causes of dissociated sensory loss?

A

> Clinical Features of Syringomyelia:
-Distal wasting & weakness, Prominent wasting of small muscles of the hands
-LMN signs in upper limbs, UMN signs in lower limbs
-Trophic & vasomotor changes (painless scars, ulcers, digital amputations)
-Sensory involvement in cape like distribution with dissociated sensory loss (affected pain/temperature, preserved vibration/proprioception)
Causes of Dissociated Sensory Loss:
-Syringomyelia, Anterior Spinal Artery Occlusion, Small Fibre Neuropathies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the features of ulnar nerve palsy?

A

> Features of Ulnar Nerve Palsy:

  • Wasting of 1st dorsal interossei & adductor digiti minimi-Weakness of finger adduction & abduction
  • Weakness of flexion of 4th/5th DIP joints (if proximal)
  • Claw hand if distal lesion
  • Froment’s Sign (affected thumb flexes on gripping piece of paper between lateral half of index finger)
  • Sensory loss in ulnar distribution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the features of radial nerve palsy?

A

> Features of Radial Nerve Palsy:

  • Wrist drop (weakness of wrist & finger extension)
  • Sensory loss over 1st dorsal interossei
  • Weak forearm supination & elbow extension & impaired triceps jerk with sensory loss over posterior forearm & triceps if proximal lesion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the features of median nerve palsy?

A

> Features of Median Nerve Palsy:

  • Wasting of abductor pollicis brevis
  • Weakness of thumb abduction
  • Weakness of flexion of 1st/2nd DIP joints if proximal
  • Numbness in median nerve distribution
  • Tinel’s, Phalen’s positive if carpal tunnel compression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the features of a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)?

What are the causes of a RAPD?

A

> Features:
-Direct & Consensual reflexes intact. During swinging torch test affected pupil dilates.
Causes:
-Optic nerve disorders e.g. optic neuritis
-Retinal disorders e.g. central retinal vein occlusion, central retinal artery occlusion, severe ischaemic diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the features of an Argyll-Robertson pupils?

What are the causes of an Argyll-Robertson pupils?

A

> Features:
-Mnemonic Like a Prostitute (accommodate but do not react), Occurs in Prostitutes
-Both pupils are small & irregular
-They react to accommodation but not to light
Causes:
-Neurosyphilis (most common)
-Diabetes
-Lyme disease, Wernicke’s encephalopathy
-Brainstem encephalitis
-Midbrain lesions e.g. tumour, infarct, haemorrhage, demyelination, syringobulbia, sarcoidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the Holmes-Adie Syndrome?

A
  • Idiopathic benign disorder in middle aged females
  • Adie tonic pupil (unilateral dilated pupil that reacts slowly to light & accommodation) with Absent deep tendon reflexes +/- Autonomic disturbances
26
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

What are the causes of Horner’s Syndrome?

A

> 1st. Central: Anhidrosis of face, arm, upper trunk
-Demyelination, Brainstem or Spinal cord tumour/haemorrhage/infarction, Syringomyelia, Arnold-Chiari malformation

> 2nd. Peripheral (preganglionic): Anhidrosis of face only
-Pancoast tumour, Cervical rib, Central venous catheterization, Neck surgery

> 3rd. Peripheral (postganglionic): No anhidrosis
-Internal carotid artery dissection, Carotico-cavernous fistula, Herpes Zoster*Common causes incl. Apical lung cancer, Neck cancer, Cartodi artery aneurysm, Syringomyelia, etc.

27
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

What are the causes of bilateral ptosis?

A
  • Myaesthenia
  • Myopathies e.g. myotonic dystrophy, chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
  • Bilateral Horner’s Syndrome e.g. syringomyelia
  • Tabes dorsalis
28
Q

Cerebellopontine Angle Lesion

What structures are affected?

What are the causes of a cerebellopontine angle lesion?

A 
>Structures Affected:
-Multiple cranial neuropathies (CN V, VI, VII, VIII).
>Causes:
-Acoustic neuromas most common cause
-Meningiomas second most common cause
-Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
-Medulloblastoma
-Cholesteatoma
-Haemangioblastoma
-Granuloma
-Basilar artery aneurysm
-Metastases
29
Q

Bulbar & Pseudobulbar Palsy

What are the causes of Bulbar Palsy?

A

> Bulbar Palsy is caused by LMN disease:

  • Motor neurone disease
  • Brainstem e.g. vascular, tumour
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Muscular dystrophies
30
Q

Bulbar & Pseudobulbar Palsy

What are the causes of Pseudobulbar Palsy?

A

> Pseudobulbar palsy is caused by UMN disease:

  • Bihemispheric vascular disease
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Motor neurone disease
  • Brainstem eg. vascular, tumour
  • Trauma
31
Q

Brainstem Syndrome

What is the brainstem rule of fours?

A

> 4 Cranial Nerves: APM
-Above Pons I-IV, Pons V-VIII, Medulla IX-XII
4 Medial Structures: 4 M’s
-Medial lemniscus - contralateral loss vibration/proprioception
-Motor pathway - Contralateral arm/leg weakness
-MLF - Ipsilateral INO
-Motor nucleus/nerve - Ipsilateral Cranial nerve loss
4 Lateral Structures: 4 S’s
-Spinothalamic - Contralateral loss pain/temperature
-Spinocerebellar - Ipsilateral Ataxia
-Sympathetic - Ipsilateral Horner’s
-Sensory Nucleus CN V - Ipsilateral facial loss pain/temp

32
Q

Peroneal Nerve Lesion

What are the clinical features?

A
  • Motor: Weak dorsiflexion & eversion. Inversion is preserved.
  • Little or No Sensory loss, with anaesthesia over the lower lateral aspect of their legs and dorsa of the feet
  • Risk Factors include tight plaster casts, sports injuries, diabetes
33
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

What is the inheritance?
What are the clinical features?

A 
AD inheritance
Clinical features:
-Pes cavus (short high-arched feet, hammer toes)
-Distal muscle atrophy
-Thickened nerves
-Absent reflexes
-Slight or no sensory loss
34
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

What are the clinical features of Duchenne’s & Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy?

A
  • Calf hypertrophy
  • Proximal muscle weakness
  • Preserved reflexes
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy
  • Ducenne’s is more severe
35
Q

Brown Sequard Syndrome

What are the clinical features?

A
  • Ipsilateral loss of vibration, proprioception

- Contralateral loss of pain, temperature

36
Q

Friedrich’s Ataxia
What is the inheritance?
What are the clinical features?

A 
>Inheritance:
-AR-Mutation is Frataxin on Chromosome 9
>Clinical Features:
-Young patient
-Bilateral cerebellar signs
-Loss of dorsal columns (vibration, proprioception)
-Absent ankle jerks
-Pes cavus
-Other features incl. cardiomyopathy, diabetes, kyphoscoliosis
37
Q

Facial Muscle Weakness

What are the causes of bilateral facial weakness?

A 
>UMN causes incl. Stroke, Tumour, Demyelination
>LMN known as Bell's Palsy
>Bilateral Facial Weakness:
-Guillain Barre Syndrome
-Myopathy incl. myotonic dystrophy, fascio-scapulo-humeral dystrophy
-Myasthenia Gravis
-Sarcoidosis
-Motor Neurone Disease
38
Q

Parinaud’s Syndrome
Where is the lesion?
What are the causes?
What are the clinical features?

A 
>Lesion:
-Dorsal midbrain
>Causes:
-Central: MS, Pinealoma, Vascular
-Peripheral: Diabetes, Trauma
>Clinical Features:
-Loss of upward gaze
-Convergence retraction nystagmus
-Pseudo Argyll Robertson Pupil
39
Q

Foot DropWhat are the causes?

A 
>Unilateral
-Common peroneal nerve lesion
-L5, S1 Radiculopathy
-Sciatic nerve lesion
-Peripheral neuropathy
-Myopathy
-Motor Neurone Disease
>Bilateral:
-Neuropathy e.g. diabetes, vasculitis
-Bilateral radiculopathy
-Cauda equina or conus medullaris lesion
-Motor neurone disease
-Spastic paraparesis
40
Q

Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord

What are the clinical features?

A
  • Absent dorsal column (vibration, proprioception)
  • Absent ankle jerk with extensor plantar
  • Ataxic gait-Others: Optic atrophy, Dementia
41
Q

Obturator Nerve Lesion

What are the clinical features?
What are the risk factors?

A 
>Clinical Features:
-Weak hip/thigh adduction
-Sensory changes medial aspect of thigh
>Risk factors:
-Labour
-Pelvic malignancy
42
Q

Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh lesion
What is the name?
What are the clinical features?
What are the risk factors?

A 
>Name:
-Meralgia paraesthetica
>Clinical Features:
-Paraesthetsia anterolateral aspect of thigh>Risk Factors:
-Pregnancy
-Obesity
-Rapid weight loss
43
Q

Femoral Nerve Lesion
What are the clinical features?
What are the risk factors?

A

> Clinical Features

  • Weak thigh flexion
  • Absent knee reflex
  • Sensory loss anteromedial thigh
  • Wasting of quadriceps>Risk Factors:
  • Diabetes
  • Retroperitoneal haematoma
  • Pelvic malignancy
  • Femoral hernia
  • Femoral aneurysm
44
Q

Cervical Rib Syndrome

What are the clinical features?

A

> Clinical Features:

  • Wasting & weakness of small muscles of the hand
  • Sensory loss on medial hand & forearm
  • Unequal radial pulses & blood pressure
  • Subclavian bruit
  • Palpable cervical rib
45
Q

Myopathy

What are the differential diagnoses for myopathy?

A 
>Mnemonic: PACE PODS for Acquired
-Hereditary
-Acquired includes:
Polymyositis, Dermatomyositis
Alcohol
Carcinoma
Endocrine (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, hypopituitarism)
Periodic paralysis
Osteomalacia
Drugs e.g. steroids
Sarcoidosis
46
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

What are the differential diagnoses?

A 
>Hereditary:
-Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy
-Hereditary neuralgic amyoptrophy
-Friedrich's ataxia
-Spinal muscular atrophy
>Acquired:
-CIDP
-Peripheral neuropathy e.g. alcohol, diabetes, vasculitis, amyloid, heavy metal poisoning
47
Q

Klumpke Lower Brachial Plexus Lesion
Where is the lesion?
What are the clinical features?

A

> Lesion:

  • C8/T1 lesion>Clinical Features:
  • Claw hand
  • Paralysis of intrinsic muscles of hand
  • Sensory loss on ulnar side of arm/forearm
  • Horner’s syndrome
48
Q

Erb-Duchenne Upper Brachial Plexus Lesion
Where is the lesion?
What are the clinical features?

A

> Lesion:

  • C5/6 lesion>Clinical Features:
  • Loss of shoulder movement & elbow flexion (waiter’s tip position)
  • Sensory loss over lateral aspect of arm/forearm
49
Q

Motor Neurone Disease
What are the clinical features?
What does EMG demonstrate?
What is the management?

A

> Clinical Features:

  • Bulbar or Pseudobulbar palsy
  • Mixed LMN & UMN signs with spasticity, extensor plantars, fasciculations, atrophy
  • Dementia, Dysphagia, Dysarthria>EMG:
  • Diffuse denervation with fibrillation>Management:
  • PT/OT/SP/Dietitian
  • PEG feeding if Dysphagia
  • NIV if respiratory failure
  • Riluzole
  • Antidepressants
50
Q

Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor nerve palsy)

What are the clinical features?
What are the causes?

A

> Clinical Features:
-Divergent strabismus
-Ptosis
-Fixed dilated pupil not reactive to light or accommodation
Causes:
- Central: Vascular, Tumour, Demyelination, Trauma
- Peripheral: PCOM aneurysm, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Meningitis, ORbital lesion (Tolosa Hunt syndrome)

51
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

What are the clinical features?

A
  • Gait festinating, freezing, short arm swing
  • Postural instability
  • Asymmetric resting tremor
  • Bradykinesa, MIcrographia
  • Rigidity
  • Masked facies
  • Hypometric saccades
  • Neuropsychiatric: Dementia
52
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

What are the investigations?

A
  • CT Brain to exclude normal pressure hydrocephalus
  • MRI Brain
  • PET/SPECT
  • Wilson’s Disease: 24-hour urine copper, Caeruloplasmin
53
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

What is the management?

A
  • Dopamine plus peripheral dopamine decarboxylase inhibitor e.g. levodopa/carbidopa, levodopa benserazide
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitor e.g. rasagiline
  • Dopamine agonist e.g. pramipexole, apomorphine
  • NMDA antagonists e.g. amantadine
  • COMT inhibitor e.g. entecapone
  • Deep Brain Stimulation*Avoid Metoclopramide
54
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

What is the management?

A 
>Acute Relapses:
-Pulsed methylprednisolone
-Plasma exchange
>Disease Modifying Drugs:
-Interferon beta-1a or beta-1b
-Glatiramer acetate
-Teriflunomide-Dimethyl fumarate
-Fingolimod (sphingosine-1-receptor modulator)
-Natalizumab (MAb to alpha-4-integrin)
-Alemtuzumab (MAb to CD52)
55
Q

Multiple Sclerosis
What are the clinical features?
What are the investigations?

A 
Clinical Features:
-Optic neuritis, INO
-Bladder/Bowel incontinence/retention
-Uhthoff phenomenon
-Dysphagia, Dysarthria
-Fatigue, Depression, Cognitive impairment
>Investigations:
-MRI Brain/Spinal Cord Gadolinium (periventricular, juxtacortical, Infratentorial, spinal cord lesions)
-CSF (elevated IgG oligoclonal bands)
-Visual & Auditory evoked potentials
-Anti-Aquaporin 4 antibody
56
Q

Movement Disorders
What are the causes of chorea?
What are the causes of Tic?

A 
>Chorea:
-Huntington's disease
-Sydenhams' chorea
-SLE
-Polycythaemia
>Tic:
-Tourette's syndrome
57
Q

Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis
What are the clinical features?
What are the differential diagnoses?

A 
>Clinical Features:
-Increased tone, Clonus
-Increased reflexes, Crossed adductors
-Weakness, Mild wasting
-Scissor gait
-Extensor plantar response
>Differential Diagnoses:
-Cord compression, tumour, abscess, ischaemia etc
-Demyelination
-Motor Neurone Disease
-Friedrich's ataxia
-Syringomyelia
58
Q

Spinocerebellar Ataxia

What are the clinical features?

A
  • Cerebellar ataxia
  • UMN signs
  • Sensory neuropathy
  • Sometimes LMN signs
  • Cognitive impairment
59
Q

Multiple Cranial Nerve Palsies?

What are the causes?

A 
>Central:
-Vascular
-Tumour
-Demyelination
-Motor Neuron Disease
-Syringomyelia/Syringobulbia
>Peripheral:
-Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
-Cerebellopontine angle lesion e.g. acoustic neuroma
-Chronic meningitis
-Guillain Barre Syndrome
-Trauma e.g. basal skull fracture
60
Q

Inclusion Body Myositis
What are the clinical features?
What are the investigations?

A 
>Clinical Features:
-Elderly male
-Proximal muscle weakness
-Neck flexor weakness
-Quadriceps & Forearm atrophy
>Investigations:
-CK, Anti-CN1a
-Muscle biopsy - CD8+ T-cells, Congophilic amyloid deposits, Ragged red fibres*Does not respond to immunosuppressionS
61
Q

Sciatic Nerve LesionWhat are the clinical features?What are the risk factors?

A

Clinical Features:
-Weak knee flexion and muscles below knee, Foot drop
-Sensory loss on sole & dorsum of foot, posterior & lateral leg
>Risk Factors:
-Trauma
-Pelvic fracture
-Pelvic malignancy

Hark and Paul's clinical review (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions