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Aging > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What is scotoma

A

Small patch of visual loss

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2
Q

What causes monocular visual loss

A

Lesion at the optic nerve

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3
Q

What causes bitemporal hemanopia

A

Lesion at optic chiasm

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4
Q

What causes homonymous hemaninopia

A

Lesion at right optic tract

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5
Q

What causes lower homonymous quadrantanopia

A

Lesion at left parietal radition

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6
Q

What causes upper homonymous quadrantanopia

A

Lesion at left temporal

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7
Q

What causes homonoymous hemianopia with central sparring

A

Lesion at right occipital pole

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8
Q

What does compression of median nerve cause

A

Carpal tunnel (abductor pollicis brevis weakness)

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9
Q

What does compression of the ulnar nerve cause

A

Abductor digiti minimi weakness

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10
Q

What does compression of the radial nerve cause

A

Saturday night palsy

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11
Q

What is ankle clonus

A

tested by rapidly flexing the foot into dorsiflexion, inducing a stretch to the gastrocnemius muscle. Subsequently beating of foot will result, but only a sustained clonus (5 beats or more) is considered abnormal.

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12
Q

What is a LMN lesion

A

flaccid, hypotonic, hyporeflexic, denervation atrophy (atrophy occurs early on, and much quicker), -Babinski

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13
Q

What is an UMN lesion

A

spastic (muscle is spasm), hypertonic, hyperreflexive, disuse atrophy (lack of use even though muscle is in spasm), Babinski. Everything above the anterior horn. Lose the ability to send a spinal pathway from the upper cortical centre down to the anterior horn. Muscle has unregulated innervation.

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14
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate

A

L1 vertebra - conus medullaris, everything below conus is LMN (cauda equine)

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15
Q

What is the course of CN III, IV, V (I, II), VI

A

Cavernouse sinus

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16
Q

What goes through the cerebellopontine angle

A

V, VII, VII

17
Q

What goes the the base of the skull (jugular/hypoglossal foramine)

A

IX, X, XI, XII

18
Q

What is the Edinger–Westphal nucleus

A

parasympathetic pre-ganglionic nucleus that innervates the iris sphincter muscle and the ciliary muscle

19
Q

What is Babinski’s sign

A

in normal adults, the plantar reflex causes a downward response of the hallux. An upward response of the hallux is a sign of upper motor neurone disease

20
Q

What does Freiderich’s ataxia affect

A

Lateral corticospinal, dorsal columns, spinocerebellar. Bilateral spastic paresis, bilateral loss of proprioception and vibration, bilateral limb ataxia + cerebellar taxia

21
Q

What does syringomyelia affect

A

Ventral horns, lateral spinothalamic tract. Flaccid paresis, loss of pain and temperature sensation

22
Q

What is Guillain Barre Syndrome

A

Immune reaction of demyelination of the peripheral nervous system - often caused by Campylobacter Jejunii (gram negative)
Cross reaction of antibodies in the gangliosides and the peripheral nervous system
Anti-GM1 antibodies in 25% of px

23
Q

What do parietal lobe lesions cause

A

Sensory inattention, apraxias, astereognosis, inferior homonymous quadrantopia

24
Q

What do occiptal lobe lesions cause

A

Homonoymous hemaniopia, cortical blindness, visual agnosia

25
Q

What do temporal lobe lesions cause

A

Wernicke’s aphasia: area involved with word formation. Lesion results in word substitution
Superior homonoymous quadrantopia
Auditory agnosia
Prosopagnosia

26
Q

What do frontal lobe lesions cause

A 
Expressive (Broca's Aphasia): on posterior aspect of the frontal lobe. Speech is non-fluent laboured, and halting
Disinhibition
Preservation
Anosmia
Inability to generate a list
27
Q

What do cerebellum lesions cause

A

Midline: gait and trunctal ataxia
Hemisphere: intention tremor, past pointing, nystagmus

28
Q

What is an extradermal ahematoma

A

Bleeding into the space between the dura mater and the skull. Trauma or blow to side of the head. Temporal region -> cause rupture of MCA
Raised intracranial pressure

29
Q

What is a subdural haematoma

A

Bleeding into the outermost meningeal layer. Most common and frontal and parietal lobes.

30
Q

What is a subarachoid haemorrhage

A

Occurs spontaneously in the context of ruptured cerebral aneurysm.

31
Q

What is the minimal cerebral perfusion

A

70mmHg in adults

40-70 mmHg in children

32
Q

What do C fibres transmit

A

Slow transmission of mechanothermal (unmyelianted)

33
Q

What do A gamma fibres transmit

A

High intensity mechanical stimuli

34
Q

What does the medullary resp centre do

A

: Inspiratory and expiratory neurones. Has ventral group which controls forced voluntary expiration and dorsal group controls inspiration

35
Q

What does the apneustic centre do

A

lower pons. Stimulates inspiration- activates and prolongs inhalation. Overridden by pneumotaxic centre to end inspiration.

36
Q

What does the pneumotaxic centre do

A

Upper pons. Inhibition of inspiration.

37
Q

What is the short synacthen test

A

Test for cortisol production

Aging (8 decks)

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