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Med physiology Quiz 3 > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Astrocytes (Glial Cell)

A

Work in healing, tissue repair; regulate ion concentrations, synapse formations and more; Create a supportive framework for neurons - VERY DIVERSE!

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2
Q

Ogliodendrocytes (Glial Cell)

A

Form and maintain myelin in the CNS

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3
Q

Microglia (Glial Cell)

A

CNS macrophages; Important immune system workers of the CNS

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4
Q

Ependymal Cells (Glial Cell)

A

Create cerebral spinal fluid in the CNS

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5
Q

Schwann Cells (Glial Cell)

A

Create myelin in the PNS

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6
Q

What does amitotic mean?

A

It doesn’t divide

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7
Q

Why do neurons need a lot of glucose and have a lot of ATP?

A

They have a very high metabolic rate

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8
Q

Are neurons the most abundant cell in the CNS?

A

No, glial cells are.

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9
Q

What is the function of an afferent neuron?

A

Transmit information INTO the central nervous system from receptors at their peripheral endings

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10
Q

What is the function of an efferent neuron?

A

Transmit information OUT of the central nervous system to effector cells, particularly muscles, glands, or other neurons

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11
Q

Where are interneurons located?

A

Entirely within the CNS

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12
Q

Where is an afferent neuron located?

A

Cell body and long peripheral process of axon - PNS

Short central process of axon - CNS

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13
Q

Where is an efferent neuron located?

A

Cell body, dendrites, a small segment of the axon - CNS

Majority of the axon - PNS

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14
Q

Which neuron accounts for greater than 99 percent of all neurons?

A

Interneurons

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15
Q

If axons are severed, can they repair themselves?

A

It depends; Only if the damage occurs outside of the CNS and does not affect the neuron’s cell body

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16
Q

How quickly does axon regrowth occur?

A

Only 1 mm per day

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17
Q

What happens (at the cellular level) with a crush injury to the spinal cord?

A

Apoptosis (cell death) of the oligodendrocytes (myelin-producing cells)

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18
Q

What is the Resting Membrane Potential?

A

The difference in the charge between the outside of the cell and the inside of the cell

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19
Q

How is membrane potential established?

A

Neurons use a Na+/K+ pump to pump 3 Na+’s OUT for every 2 K+’s IN (creates a relatively negative interior)

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20
Q

What happens during depolarization?

A

Na+ channels open, Na+ comes in, and the interior cell becomes less negative

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21
Q

What happens during Summation?

A

The EPSP’s and the IPSP’s add up to a depolarization of 15mV or more, threshold potential has been reached

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22
Q

What happens at Threshold potential?

A

Sodium channels are open; signal fires

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23
Q

What are the steps of an Action Potential?

A
  1. Resting Membrane Potential
  2. Threshold Reached
  3. Depolarization - Na+ fly into cell
  4. Na+ channels close (signal can’t go backwards), slower K+ channels open
  5. Membrane Repolarizes
  6. Hyperpolarization (makes it even more difficult for signal to transmit backwards)
  7. K+ channels close, Na+ channels are reactivated
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24
Q

How do Lidocaine, Procaine, and Marcaine inhibit an action potential?

A

By blocking the voltage-gated Na+ channels

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25
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

When the plasma membrane cannot respond to another stimulus (another action potential cannot be sent at this time)

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26
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

When another action potential can be sent ONLY if it’s strong enough to overcome hyperpolarization AND the normal amount of depolarization

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27
Q

Where do action potentials occur?

A

The nodes of Ranvier

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28
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A
  • When myelin acts as an insulator that allows ions to flow between segments rather than along the entire length of the membrane
  • This results in increased velocity of neuronal conduction
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29
Q

What are three benefits of myelin?

A
  1. Add speed
  2. Reduce metabolic cost
  3. Save room in the nervous system because axons can be thinner
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30
Q

What are synapses?

A

When nerves reach out and almost touch each other

31
Q

How can synapses pass information?

A
  1. Chemically

2. Electrically

32
Q

Can synapses be excitatory and inhibitory?

A

Yes (depends on what neurotransmitter is being used)

33
Q

What happens during an electrical synapse?

A

Pre and post synaptic cells are connected via gap junctions

34
Q

What happens during a chemical synapse?

A
  • Pre-synaptic neurons release neurotransmitters from their axon terminals
  • Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on post-synaptic neurons
35
Q

Where are neurotransmitters produced and stored?

A

In the vesicles of the axon terminal

36
Q

What steps occur during docking of the vesicles and release of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Action potential reaches terminal
  2. Voltage-gated calcium channels open
  3. Calcium enters axon terminal
  4. Neurotransmitter is released and diffuses into the cleft
  5. Neurotransmitter binds to post-synaptic receptors
  6. Neurotransmitter is removed from synaptic cleft
37
Q

What makes it possible for the vesicles to bind to the plasma membrane?

A

SNARE proteins

38
Q

How is the neurotransmitter released?

A

Through exocytosis

39
Q

What is the function of autoreceptors?

A
  • Neurotransmitters will bind to autoreceptors and turn off further release from pre-synaptic cell
  • Build-in break system
  • Negative feedback!
  • Autocrine cell signaling
40
Q

How are Neurotransmitters removed from the synapse?

A
  1. Diffusion of the transmitter from the cleft
  2. Degredation of the transmitter by enzymes
  3. Reuptake into the pre-synaptic cells for reuse
  4. Removal of the receptors in the post-synaptic cell’s membrane
41
Q

Which neurotransmitter is ALWAYS the first signaler on efferent pathways to the peripheral nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

42
Q

What enzyme is responsible for breaking down Acetylcholine into AcCoA and Choline?

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

43
Q

Which neurotransmitters are made from the amino acid tyrosine?

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. Epinephrine
  3. Norepinephrine
44
Q

Which neurotransmitters are important in the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

45
Q

If dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine aren’t taken back up into the pre-synaptic neuron, how are they destroyed?

A

By monoamine oxidase (MAO)

46
Q

Which neurotransmitter is made from the amino acid Tryptophan?

A

Serotonin

47
Q

This neurotransmitter acts more like a modulator than a true transmitter.

A

Serotonin

48
Q

Serotonin excites what pathway?

A

Muscle

49
Q

Serotonin inhibits what pathway?

A

Sensory

50
Q

What are Endogenous Opioids?

A

Short polypeptides (15 to 25 amino acids long)

51
Q

How are Endogenous Opioids different from other transmitters?

A

Made in the cell body, put into vesicles, and transported all the way down the axon for release

52
Q

How are Endogenous Opioids broken down?

A

Peptidases

53
Q

“Runner’s High” has been attributed to what neurotransmitter?

A

Endogenous Opioid

54
Q

What do Endogenous Opioids have an effect on?

A

Appetite, mood, and emotion

55
Q

How does Clostridium tetani affect synaptic mechanisms?

A

Prevents vesicle fusion with the membrane, inhibiting release of GABA– a neurotransmitter that would normally inhibit muscle contraction

56
Q

How does Clostridium botulinum affect synaptic mechanisms?

A

Interferes with actions of SNARE proteins at excitatory synapses that activate muscles

57
Q

What does the Forebrain contain?

A

Cerebrum and Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

58
Q

Subcortical nuclei are interneurons that…

A
  1. Bring information into the cerebrum
  2. Carry information out
  3. Connect different areas within a a hemisphere
59
Q

Each hemisphere of the brain contains…

A
  1. Cerebral cortex (outer shell of gray matter composed mostly of cell bodies that give the area a gray appearance)
  2. Inner layer of white matter (area that contains myelin)
60
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A massive bundle of nerve fibers that connects the cortex layers of the right and left hemispheres

61
Q

Why is the cortex highly folded?

A

To increase surface area - increasing volume of the brain (4 times larger)

62
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
63
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement*, emotions, and problem solving

64
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli

65
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual processing

66
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

67
Q

What are upper motor neurons?

A

The brain’s neurons that direct voluntary movements and integrate signals to create many involuntary muscle activities

68
Q

What are lower motor neurons?

A

Neurons that go to a muscle

cell body is in the spinal cord, axon is in the periphery

69
Q

What is the function of basal ganglia?

A

Control movement and posture; complex aspects of behavior

70
Q

What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Integration
  • Collecting afferent information and processing it
  • Effects motor and endocrine systems based on that info
71
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Arousal and focusing attention

72
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Master commander for neural-endocrine coordination

- Eating, drinking, reproduction

73
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus?

A

Regulate biological rhythms

74
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

A “coalition” of forebrain areas (parts of cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothal) which coordinates emotional centers and and endocrine signals

Med physiology Quiz 3 (2 decks)

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