Neurology Flashcards by Sarah Franklin

Communicates impulses between the brain & spinal cord

Regulates heartbeat, consciousness, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing

Medulla oblongata

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Zero order kinetics
Cerebellar atrophy
Gum hypertrophy

Phenytoin

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Sedation
Dependence
Diplopia/Ataxia

Phenobarbital

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Weight gain
Hair loss
Tremor
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Valproate

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Breakdown product of hemoglobin, which rapidly lyses upon entry into CSF, first to oxyhemoglobin (pink) and later to bilirubin (yellow)

Xanthochromia

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absence seizures and not effective for other types of seizures

ethosuximide

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Myelinated and unmyelinated types: more peripheral
Light touch and pain
Temperature
Autonomic information

Small Axons

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Normally myelinated.
Proprioception
Vibration
Light touch

medium and large axons

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Communicates impulses between hemispheres of the cerebellum

pons

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Communicates impulses between the spinal cord & thalamus

midbrain

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Regulates movement of eyes in relationship to visual stimuli, movement of head & trunk in relationship to auditory stimuli

midbrain

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Regulates breathing (along with medulla oblongata), sleep, eye-control, bladder-control

pons

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Responsible for coordinating skilled movements, posture, and balance.
activates or inhibits motor function

cerebellum

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Executive function & problem solving.
Ability to plan.
Impulse control & ability to understand consequence

frontal lobe

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Language (Broca’s area)
Motor control (precentral gyrus)
personality
memory

frontal lobe

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Sensation – touch, proprioception, pain, temperature
Mathematical skills
Spatial Perception

parietal lobe

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Comprehension of written words or speech

Understanding what that means

Wernicke’s Area (Temporal Lobe)

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Understand whats going on but cant get words out
Common frontal lobe stroke
Damage to this area can cause expressive aphasia, which is inability to express words fluently or think of the right words for proper communication

Broca’s Area (Frontal Lobe)

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Numerous, inherited diseases causing progressive mm weakness and wasting first in pelvic and shoulder girdle PROXIMAL. EMG/NCS can confirm muscle dx, not neurogenic

Muscular dystrophies

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Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Metabolic myopathies

Autoimmune myositis and myopathy attack muscle tissue

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treat alcohol withdrawal with

BZDs

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give alcoholics this when they come into the er

thiamine IV, prevent Wernicke’s Encephalopathy

also rehydration

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somnolence, pupillary constriction, decreased respirations, track marks on the arms

opioids

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what 4 parts make up the diencephalon

Epithalamus /pineal glad
Thalamus
Subthalamus
Hypothalamus

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Controls pituitary hormone secretion

hypothalmus

Relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex

thalmus

Control center for many functions of autonomic nervous system

hypothalmus

Aids in controlling sleep & awake states of consciousness

thalmus

Most important structure for communication of sensory, motor, and other information between the hemispheres

corpus callosum

Controls body temperature & eating/drinking behaviors

hypothalmus

Melatonin hormone production, which influences sleep/wake cycles, melatonin

Epithalamus/Pineal Gland

Involved in emotions, memory, cognition, and awareness

thalmus

Aids in maintaining homeostasis including blood pressure, temperature, and fluid balance

hypothalmus

Large role in formation of memories

limbic system

hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulb, and many others

limbic system

Smell, emotion, and ________

limbic system

group of structures that govern emotion & behavior

limbic system

only save antiemetics that wont make med induced parkinsons

Ondansetron and Domperidone

only save anti-psychotics that wont make med induced parkinsons

Seroquel and Clozapine

Sudden onset fever and rigidity

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)- life threatening Most commonly seen with initiation and dose changes Hyperthermia, rigidity, mental status changes, high CPK

treat Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

levodopa

The most common cause of ataxia | the loss of full control of bodily movements.

toxic (medications, ETOH)

acute ataxia

stroke, drugs, hydrocephalus, migraine (mostly in children), infectious (VZV)

subacute ataxia

tumors, post-infectious, vasculitis, drugs

chronic ataxia

alcoholism, drugs, paraneoplastic, Multiple sclerosis.

__________ is beneficial to a number of conditions, including PD, Essential tremor, and Dystonia. Also Tics, OCD, Depression

deep brain stimulation

botulinum toxin injections for

spasticity and dystonia

spasmodic jerky contraction of groups of muscles.

myoclonus

symptoms of increased intracranial pressure begin at

20 mmHg

Brain capillaries surrounded by ________(lipid), this is important why

glial cells | lipid containing drugs get across the BBB

WHAT DOES THE CAUDA EQUINA DO

Provides sensory innervation to the saddle area motor innervation to the sphincters parasympathetic innervation to the bladder and lower bowel

spinal tract that deals with Pain, Temperature

spinothalamic

spinal tract that deals with Vibration, Proprioception up to brain

Dorsal Column

spinal tract that deals with Proprioception for coordination

Spinocerebellar

Skeletal Muscle, controls motor of arms, legs, trunk

Corticospinal

Brain →Cranial Nerves; controls eyes, face, tongue, speech

Corticobulbar

Combination of 5 different tracts for precise movements of skeletal muscles, muscle tone, head mvmt, & reflexes

Extrapyramidal tracts

which three spinal collumns can be clinically assessed?

Lateral corticospinal tract Spinothalamic tract Dorsal Columns

Test: Voluntary muscle contraction or involuntary response to painful stimuli which collumn?

Corticospinal

Test: Pinprick & light touch | which collumn?

Spinothalamic

test: Position sense in toes & fingers, vibration sense using tuning fork which collumn?

Dorsal Columns

poor comprehension, fluent speech, often meaningless

wernickes

good comprehension, non-fluent speech

brocos

no repetition, good comprehension and output

conductive aphasia

suspect MS in a young patient presenting with

trigeminal neuralgia

Fasiculations in PNS or CNS dx

PNS

Abnormal flexion

Decorticate

Abnormal extension

Decerebrate

Test of choice to evaluate brain & spinal cord lesions or injury

MRI

____ should be done on every patient with altered mental status

UA | UTIs in elderly

these indications for which test Diagnosis of bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, and viral CNS infections Evaluation of subarachnoid hemorrhage Evaluation of CNS malignancies, demyelinating diseases, and Guillain-Barré syndrome.

assesses muscles and motor nerves by measuring electrical signals transmitted by motor neurons

Electromyography (EMG)

Sudden onset dizziness

cerebellar stroke

used to evaluate Numbness/Tingling | Muscle weakness, pain, or cramping

EMG

causes diffuse cerebral dysfunction without focal features. The pupils are small but reactive.

toxic and metabolic

tx and prevention of cluster HA

Tx: 10% 02 Prevent: Verapamil