Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3 > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of stroke

A

ischaemic stroke

haemorrhagic stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tool for stroke in community

A

FAST Tool

F – Face
A – Arm
S – Speech
T – Time (act fast and call 999)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

PITS

2 parts of this are?

A

Parietal lobe damage causes Inferior (lower) quadrantanopia.

Temporal lobe damage causes Superior (upper) quadrantanopia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Stroke

3 buzzwords

A

“Face and arm” (weakness/sensory loss)

“Aphasia” (dominant hemisphere)

“Neglect” (non-dominant hemisphere)

Like old lady on ward.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) Stroke

3 buzzwords

TACS/PACS

A

“Leg weakness” (contralateral)

“Personality changes” (frontal lobe)

“Incontinence” (frontal micturition center)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) Stroke

H,T,M

3 buzzwords

POCS

A

“Homonymous hemianopia”
(contralateral)

“Thalamic pain” (syndrome)

“Memory loss” (temporal lobe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what part of brain is responsible for balance and walking?

A

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Area in brain for difficulty understanding speech

A

Wernicke’s area in the left temporal lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Area in brain responsible for coordination of voluntary movements?

A

cerebellum

(fine tuning centre)

1° Motor cortex in frontal lobe initiates movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gross motor skills issue, which part of brain?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Posterior Circulation Stroke

3 buzzwords

A

Vertigo

Ataxia

diplopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Long term therapy for ischemic stroke (2)

A

(300mg aspirin 2 weeks)

  1. clopidogrel 75 mg once daily
  2. atorvastatin 80 mg once nightly

BUT

IF AF… DOAC+ STATIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Wallenberg’s syndrome:

4 buzzwords

A

Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature on the face.

Contralateral loss of pain and temperature on the body.

Ataxia

nystagmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which areas are affected by a right anterior cerebral artery (ACA) stroke?

A

motor and sensory areas, lower limb

may cause frontal lobe deficits (personality, behavior, executive function).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

basilar artery stroke

3 buzzwords

A

Locked-in syndrome

Dysarthria

Quadriplegia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A lacunar stroke, 3 buzzwords

A

clumsy hand syndrome

(dysarthria) slurred speech.

pure motor / pure sensory only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Weber’s Syndrome 3 Buzzwords:

A

Midbrain stroke

Oculomotor nerve palsy (“down and out” eye, ptosis)

Contralateral hemiparesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ischemic stroke, immediate treatment (2)?

A

Aspirin

alteplase (Thrombolysis 4.5 hours window- or 9 HOURS WITH DETAILED IMAGING)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

spinothalamic tract carries xxx and yyy sensation from the body to the brain

what are xxx and yyy

A

spinothalamic tract carries pain and temperature sensation from the body to the brain

and crude touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

MCA strokes affect XXX and YYY more, often involve ZZZ issues (if on the left) or neglect (if on the right).

What are XXX, YYY and ZZZ

A

MCA strokes affect face and arm more, often involve speech issues (if on the left) or neglect (if on the right).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ACA strokes affect the XXX more, and are often associated with YYY or ZZZ.

A

ACA strokes affect the leg more, and are often associated with behavioral changes or incontinence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Posterior cerebral artery associated with what issue generally (2)

A

Visual issues

memory issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ischemic stroke , initial= CT scan

to exclude what?

A

Exclude Haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Carotid stenosis test

A

Carotid doppler Ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

stenosis Mx

A

Endarterectomy (70% stenosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Order of Brain out to in:

A

Skull
Dura
Archnoid mater
(Subarachnoid space)
Pia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Extradural (Epidural) Hemorrhage (EDH)

3 buzzwords

A

Middle meningeal artery

Lucid interval

Biconvex (lentiform) shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Subdural Hemorrhage (SDH)

3 buzzwords

A

Bridging veins
Crescent-shaped on CT
Elderly/Anticoagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)

3 buzzwords

A

Thunderclap headache
Berry aneurysm
Blood in basal cisterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH)

3 buzzwords

A

Hypertension

Basal ganglia

Focal neurological deficits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Extra dural - treatment?

A

Craniotomy (typically for those with larger mass effects) with ligation of artery or burrholes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Subdural - treatment?

A

craniotomy (typically for those with larger mass effects) (with decompressive craniectomy needed with risk of herniation) or burrholes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Subarachnoid - treatment?

A

clipping or

coiling (better)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Calcium channel blockers like XXX are utilized in subarachnoid haemorrhage management to forestall cerebral ischaemia caused by vasospasm.

What is XXX

A

Nimodipine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

MINOR bleed: WWW
MAJOR bleed: XXX

NOT bleeding:
INR >8: YYY
INR 5-8: ZZZ

A

MINOR bleed: WWW IV vitamin K
MAJOR bleed: XXX IV vitamin K + prothrombin complex concentrate

NOT bleeding:
INR >8: YYY oral vitamin K
INR 5-8: ZZZ miss next dose of warfarin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Haemotoma Hyper-dense CT: tell me about it
Haemotoma Hypo-dense CT: tell me about it

A

Hyper-dense: Acute haematoma and bright in colour
Hypo-dense: Chronic haematoma and dark in colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

XXX, YYY - ACUTE MANAGEMENT cluster headaches

AND

ZZZ - PROPHYLAXIS

cluster headaches

A

XXX,YYY sumatriptan, high flow oxygen (100%)

ACUTE MANAGEMENT cluster headaches

AND

ZZZ verapamil - PROPHYLAXIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Good acronym for haemorrhagic stroke management
A -
B -
C -

A

Good acronym for haemorrhagic stroke management
A - anticoagulant reversal
B - BP control
C - Consider neurosurgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Male/Female 40-60 age
stiffneck
Photophobia
Sudden severe occipital headache

Which disease?

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

THUNDERCLAP HEADACHE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

3 reasons why people get subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A
  1. Illicit Drug use
  2. Blood conditions (Sickle cell)
  3. Kidney issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

1st line Ix Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

and 2nd line

A

Non-Contrast CT HEAD

then

L.P ( ↑ RBC)

(Pink/ Yellow) Xanthochromia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Medication to prevent vasospasm after SAH

A

Nimodipine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Female
20-40 age
Epstein-Barr virus
↓ Vit D

Which disease?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

disease linked with M.S a lot

A

Optic Neuritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

3 types of Disease patterns for M.S

A

Relapsing Remitting (most common)

Secondary Progressive

Primary Progressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

MS Ix (2)

A

MRI

L.P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Finding in CSF in MS

A

Oligoclonal bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

MS Tx

A

Methylprednisolone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Age 50-70
Male
gradual onset weakness (hands / shoulders)
No sensory symptoms

Which disease?

A

Motor Neurone Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Most common MND

A

AMYLOTROPIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Meds for ALS/MND

A

riluzole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

UMN or LMN sign: LMN or UMN

fasciculations

Brisk Reflexes

Upgoing plantars

Muscle Wasting

Spasticity

A

fasciculations LMN

Brisk Reflexes UMN

Upgoing plantars UMN

Muscle Wasting LMN

Spasticity UMN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS): UMN or LMN?

A

progressive UMN degeneration,

spasticity

hyperreflexia

weakness

without muscle atrophy or fasciculations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)

UMN or LMN?

A

LMN

degeneration of LMNs

muscle atrophy
weakness
fasciculations without spasticity or hyperreflexia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Progressive bulbar palsy - affects what?

A

primarily affects the muscles of talking and swallowing (the bulbar muscles).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Male, 60-65 years

Resting tremor

Rigidity

Bradykinesia

Which disease?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Name of Facial masking in Parkinson’s

A

Hypomimia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Multiple System Atrophy (MSA):

(Parkinson’s)

3 buzzwords

A

Autonomic dysfunction – Postural hypotension, urinary incontinence.

Cerebellar ataxia – Coordination problems.

Parkinsonism – Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (poor response to levodopa).

Hot Cross Buns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DwLB):

(Parkinson’s)

3 buzzwords

A

Visual hallucinations – Common early symptom.

Fluctuating cognition – Varying levels of alertness and attention.

REM sleep disorder – Acting out dreams (early feature).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

1st line Tx Parkinson’s

A

Levodopa with

Carbidopa

or

Benserazide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

3 examples of Dyskinesias (Parkinsons)

A

Dystonia: Sustained, abnormal postures or twisting movements.

Chorea: Sudden, unpredictable, jerky movements.

Athetosis: Slower, writhing, snake-like movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

a COMPT inhibitor, link to Parkinsons? What name of drug

A

Entacopone

inhibits COMT enzyme, increasing dopamine availability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

a Dopamine Agonist (parkinsons)

A

Bromocriptine

is a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, reducing prolactin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Mao-B inhibitor (2)

(parkinsons)

A

Selegiline and rasagiline are both selective MAO-B (monoamine oxidase-B) inhibitors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

3 key reasons to think Benign Essential Tremor (BET) over Parkinson’s disease:

A
  1. Tremor with action – BET occurs during movement, while Parkinson’s tremor is usually at rest.
  2. Symmetrical tremor – BET typically affects both sides equally, while Parkinson’s often starts asymmetrically.
  3. Lack of bradykinesia or rigidity – BET lacks the slowed movements and muscle stiffness seen in Parkinson’s disease.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Treatment for BET (2)

A

Propanolol

Primidone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Non-epileptic seizures, key thing to remember

A

remembers the entire event clearly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Tonic-Clonic seizure (Grand Mal) (3)

A

Loss of consciousness

Muscle tone stiffening and rigidity

Clonic phase, Rhythmic jerking or convulsions.

bonus= post ictal period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Absence seizure (Petit Mal) (3)

A

Staring spells: Sudden, brief episodes of staring or blank expression.

No postictal confusion: The person resumes normal activity immediately after.

Children: More common in pediatric populations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Myoclonic seizure (3)

A

Sudden jerks: Quick, involuntary muscle twitches.

No loss of consciousness: The person remains aware during the jerks.

Morning onset: Often occurs shortly after waking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Atonic seizure (3)

A

Drop attacks: Sudden loss of muscle tone causing falls.

Brief: The episode lasts only a few seconds.

Injury risk: High risk of injury due to sudden collapse.

72
Q

Focal (Partial) seizure (3)

A

Localized onset

Awareness affected: Can be aware (simple partial) or impaired (complex partial).

Auras

73
Q

Tonic-Clonic / Myoclonic / Atonic / Tonic Seizures treatment 1st + 2nd line

A

1st Sodium valproate (teratogenic)

2nd Lamotrigine and levetiracetam (ladies)

74
Q

Focal Seizures 1st line Tx

A

1st line Tx

Lamotrigine and levetiracetam

75
Q

Absence Seizures 1st line

A

Ethosuximide

76
Q

Non-Epileptic Attack Disorder (NEAD)

(3)

A

pelvic thrusting
head movements
stress related

(raised prolactin)

77
Q

Drugs for status in ‘‘Community’’ epileptic seizure

A

buccal midazolam or rectal diazepam

78
Q

Drugs for status in ‘‘hospital’’ epileptic seizure

A

IV lorazepam

79
Q

escalation steps in the treatment of status epilepticus

(4)

A

Lorry Lorry Funny Call ITU

  • x2 doses IV Lorazepam,
  • IV Phenytoin
  • Call ITU
80
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia 1st line treatment?

A

carbamazepine

81
Q

post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), the first-line treatments are:

A

Amitriptyline or nortriptyline

Gabapentin or pregabalin

82
Q

Damage to
Wernicke’s and Broca’s

What happens?

A

Wernicke’s area damage= word salad

Broca’s= broken speech

83
Q

Bell’s palsy, what type of damage UNM or LNM?

Entire face affected including forehead?

A

Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Damage

both the forehead and the lower face (on affected side)

84
Q

stroke, UNM or LNM?

Forehead spared or not spared?

A

forehead is spared

Face droops

85
Q

Idiopathic cause of FNP? and Tx

A

Bell’s

Pred (within 72 hrs)

86
Q

Vesicular rash around ear in FNP?

A

Ramsy Hunt Syndrome

87
Q

Treatment for Ramsey Hunt Syndrome

A

Pred AND Acyclovir (PO)

88
Q

4 Key symptom of Brain Tumours

A

vomiting
constant headache
worse on bending forward
raised ICP

89
Q

Brain tumour sign on Fundoscopy

A

Papilloedema

90
Q

Most maligiant type of brain tumour

A

Astrocytoma (the most common and aggressive form is glioblastoma)

91
Q

tumour of membrane brain

A

meningiomas

92
Q

Acoustic nueroma (3)

A

Unilateral hearing loss
Tinnitus
balance problems

93
Q

5 key buzzwords

Huntington’s chorea

Treatment?

A

Chorea (involuntary movements)

CAG repeat expansion

HTT gene (chromosome 4)

Cognitive decline

Autosomal dominant inheritance

Tetrabenazine

94
Q

Myasthenia Gravis most common antibodies

A

ACh receptor antibodies

95
Q

Myasthenia Gravis Most affected muscle groups

A

Proximal+ small muscles head/neck

96
Q

Associated tumour Myasthenia Gravis

A

Thymoma

97
Q

Specific test Myasthenia Gravis

A

edrophonium test

98
Q

In Myasthenia Gravis, 2 examples of reversible ACh enzyme inhibitors

A

Pyridostigmine

Neostigmine

99
Q

Myasthenia Gravis surgical treatment

A

Thymectomy

100
Q

Monoclonal antibody treatment Myasthenia Gravis

A

Rituximab

100
Q

LEMS associated with?

A

SCLC

101
Q

Key symptom of LEMS

A

Muscle Weakness

102
Q

Most affected muscles in LEMS

A

Proximal muscles (legs)

103
Q

other commonly affected muscle groups in LEMS (3)

A

Intraocular (diplopia)

Levator muscles (ptosis)

Oropharyngeal muscles (Dysarthria / dysphagia)

104
Q

Meds for LEMS

A

Amifamprodine

105
Q

more common, MG or LEMS?

A

MG

106
Q

Type of cell that produce antibodies in GBS

A

B-Cells

107
Q

Key triggering pathogens in GBS

A

Campy

Cytomegalovirus

EBV

108
Q

GBS 2 Ix?

A

Nerve conduction studies

L.P

109
Q

Finding on GBS CSF

A

↑ protein

110
Q

Main treatment for GBS

A

IV immunoglobulins

111
Q

GBS starts proximally or distally?

A

distally

112
Q

3 symptoms for Neurofibromatosis Type 1

A

Neurofibroma

Café au lait spots

Axillary freckles

113
Q

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 eye sign

A

Iris Hamartomas (Lisch nodules)

114
Q

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 , Chromosome gene is on?

A

Chromosome 17

115
Q

Protein Gene codes for Neurofibromatosis Type 1

A

Neurofibromin (tumour suppressor gene)

116
Q

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 pattern?

A

Autosomal dominant

117
Q

Neurofibromatosis type 2- key buzzword

A

schwannomas

118
Q

Neurofibromatosis Type 2 bilateral what?

A

bilateral acoustic neuromas

119
Q

Tuberous Sclerosis- 5 buzzwords

who usually gets it?

A

children.

Autosomal dominant

Seizures
Angiofibromas (facial skin growths)

Cortical tubers (brain lesions)

Shagreen patches (thickened skin spots)

120
Q

Jugular Foramen Syndrome

3 buzzwords

A

voice changes,
swallowing difficulty,

shoulder /neck weakness

121
Q

DANISH

what does it stand for and which disease profile?

A

posterior circulation stroke

Dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid alternating movements)

Ataxia

Nystagmus (typically multidirectional)

Intention tremor (tremor during voluntary movement illustrated by the finger-nose test)

Slurred speech

Hypotonia

122
Q

PSP:
CBD:

MSA:

A

PSP: Upper brain = vertical gaze palsy, early falls.

CBD: Cortex and basal ganglia = alien limb, asymmetric motor problems.

MSA: Widespread autonomic issues = postural hypotension, autonomic failure.

123
Q

5 key buzzwords for Parkinson’s Plus Syndromes (also known as atypical parkinsonism):

PSP: Vertical eye movement difficulty, postural instability.

MSA: Autonomic dysfunction (e.g., BP instability, bladder issues).

CBD: Asymmetric motor symptoms, limb apraxia.

LBD: Visual hallucinations, fluctuating cognition.

Poor levodopa response: Minimal improvement with Parkinson’s meds.

A

5 key buzzwords for Parkinson’s Plus Syndromes (also known as atypical parkinsonism):

PSP: Vertical eye movement difficulty, postural instability.

MSA: Autonomic dysfunction (e.g., BP instability, bladder issues).

CBD: Asymmetric motor symptoms, limb apraxia.

LBD: Visual hallucinations, fluctuating cognition.

Poor levodopa response: Minimal improvement with Parkinson’s meds.

124
Q

optic neuritis
CRAP

A

optic neuritis
CRAP

C- central scotoma
R- red desaturation/ relative afferent pupillary defect
A- acuity decreased
P- painful eye movement

125
Q

Anti TB drugs, AEs

Rifampicin, Ethambutol, and Isoniazid

A

rifampicin = r for red secretions

ethambutol = e for eyes

isoNiazid = the only one with n , for nerves

126
Q

cerebellar hemisphere is responsible for 3 key things?

A

coordination, fine motor skills, and balance

127
Q

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA), 3 buzzwords

A

Lobar Hemorrhage –

Amyloid Deposition –

Elderly –

128
Q

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA): Lateral Medullary (Wallenberg) Syndrome

3 buzzwords

A

Dysphagia:

Ataxia

Horner’s Syndrome

129
Q

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA): Lateral Pontine Syndrome

A

Hearing Loss: Ipsilateral hearing loss due to involvement of cranial nerve VIII.

Vertigo: Sensation of spinning due to vestibular nerve involvement.

Facial Weakness: Ipsilateral facial paralysis from damage to cranial nerve VII.

F’in CHAV

F= Facial weakness (ipsi)

C= Cochlear involvement (hearing loss, tinnitus)
H= Horner’s syndrome
A= Ataxia (ipsi)
V= Vertigo and nystagmus.

130
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) Stroke (3)

A

Homonymous Hemianopia:

Thalamic Pain Syndrome:

Memory Impairment

131
Q

Hypodense area (dark on CT scan):

Indicates what? .

Hyperdense area (bright on CT scan):

Indicates what?

A

Hypodense area (dark on CT scan):

ischemic stroke, meaning there’s a lack of blood supply to the brain, leading to tissue death.

Hyperdense area (bright on CT scan):

Indicates a hemorrhagic stroke, where there’s active bleeding in the brain tissue

132
Q

TACI

Total Anterior Circulation Infarc

A

Hemiparesis/Hemisensory Loss:

Contralateral weakness and/or sensory loss (face, arm, and leg).

Homonymous Hemianopia:

Loss of the same side of the visual field in both eyes.

Higher Cortical Dysfunction:

Dysphasia (if dominant hemisphere) or neglect (if non-dominant hemisphere).

133
Q

Double vision issue, which nerve?

Looking down/stairs issue, which nerve?

Down and out+ ptosis

A

Double vision issue= Abducens nerve (CN VI)

Looking down/stairs issue= Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

Down and out+ ptosis= Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

134
Q

Spinothalamic tract- what travels?

A

Pain and temperature

135
Q

Vestibulospinal tract- what travels?

A

Motor neuronal signals relating to posture

136
Q

Cuneate fasciculus- what travels?

A

Fine touch, pressure and proprioception

137
Q

Posterior spinocerebellar tract- what travels?

A

Proprioceptive signals to cerebellum

138
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract- what travels?

A

The anterior corticospinal tract transmits motor signals from the precentral gyrus to the motor neurons responsible for voluntary axial and proximal muscle movements, playing a key role in posture and gross motor control.

139
Q

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA): Big buzzword?

A

Visual field defects (e.g., homonymous hemianopia, as the PCA supplies the occipital lobe, which is responsible for vision).

140
Q

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA): Big buzzword?

A

LEG

141
Q

Middle cerebral artery (MCA): 2 BIG BUZZWORDS

A

Face and arm

142
Q

Basilar artery: Big buzzword

A

Locked-in syndrome

143
Q

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA): 2 big buzzwords

A

Vertigo and ataxia

144
Q

Spinothalamic tract - 2 buzzwords

Cuneate fasciculus - 3 buzzwords

A

Pain and temperature

Fine touch, pressure, and proprioception

145
Q

Taste from the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue is mediated by the which nerve?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

146
Q

Lacunar pure motor stroke

4 buzzwords

A

Diabetes/hypertension

Pure motor or pure sensory stroke

Basal ganglia or internal capsule

147
Q

encephalitis 5 buzzwords+

Tx

A

Fever

Altered mental status:

Seizures

HSV

lymphocytes
⇔ glucose
↑ protein levels

Tx Aciclovir

148
Q

5 high-yield buzzwords for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH):

A

Papilledema

Headache: (worsens with eye movements)

Visual disturbances

Young, obese female

lumbar puncture reveals elevated CSF pressure.

treatment

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors e.g. acetazolamide

149
Q

For cervical spondylosis, here are 5 high-yield buzzwords:

A

Neck pain: Chronic pain and stiffness in the cervical spine.

Radiculopathy: Shooting pain or weakness radiating to the arms or shoulders due to nerve root compression.

Degenerative changes: Osteophytes (bone spurs), disc herniation, and narrowing of the spinal canal (stenosis) seen on imaging.

Myelopathy: In more severe cases, compression of the spinal cord leads to gait disturbances, clumsiness, or weakness.

Older adults: Most common in individuals over the age of 50 due to age-related wear and tear.

150
Q

1st line treatment Parkinson’s disease

A

Levodopa combined with a dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor (such as carbidopa or benserazide).

151
Q

Encephalitis treatment

A

IV ceftriaxone + IV aciclovir

152
Q

subacute combined degeneration (SACD) of the spinal cord:

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency – The most common cause of SACD, often seen in pernicious anemia.

Dorsal columns affected – Loss of proprioception and vibration sensation.

Corticospinal tract involvement – Leads to spastic weakness and hyperreflexia.

Megaloblastic anemia – Common hematological manifestation, often coexists with neurological findings.

“Mixed upper and lower motor neuron signs” – Combination of spastic paresis (upper motor neuron) and paresthesia/numbness (lower motor neuron).

153
Q

increased intracranial pressure

Cushing’s triad…

A

bradycardia

hypertension

irregular breathing

154
Q

subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (SACD)

4 buzzwords

A

B12 deficiency

hyperreflexia

loss of proprioception

loss of vibration sense

(not pain or temperature sense).

155
Q

Syringomyelia:

3 buzzwords

A

Cape-like distribution of sensory loss (loss of pain and temperature sensation in a pattern over the shoulders and upper arms).

Chiari malformation (often associated with this condition).

Cystic cavity (syrinx) in the spinal cord.

156
Q

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) presents with FEVER

A

Fever (Hyperthermia)

Encephalopathy (altered mental status)

Vitals unstable (tachycardia, hypotension)

Elevated enzymes (CK)

Rigidity of musles

157
Q

PD tremor x-x Hz frequency (resting tremor).

Essential tremor is usually faster, around y-y Hz, and occurs during action or postural movements.

What is X-X and Y-Y

A

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) tremor typically occurs at a 3-5 Hz frequency (resting tremor).

Essential tremor is usually faster, around 6-8 Hz, and occurs during action or postural movements.

158
Q

Bacterial Meningitis, 3 things on biochem to show it?

A

↑ Neutrophils

↑ protein

↓ Glucose

159
Q

Viral Encephalitis, 2 key biochem.

A

Normal Glucose

↑ Protein

160
Q

Bacterial Encephalitis (low yield)

A

↑ Neutrophils

↑↑ PROTEIN

↓ Glucose (due to bacterial consumption)

161
Q

migraine 4 buzzwords

A

unilateral

photo/phonophobia

Auras

Dark room

female

162
Q

Migraine treatment

A

Treat Triptan

Prevent Propanolol (not for asthma)

(topiramate teratogenic)

163
Q

5 buzzwords hydrocephalus

A

Increased intracranial pressure (due to excess CSF)

Ventricular enlargement (dilated ventricles)

Tx= Ventriculoperitoneal shunting

Cognitive decline (symptom in chronic cases)

Papilledema (optic disc swelling from pressure)

164
Q

Cluster headache 3 buzzwords

A

Excruciating (intense pain)

Orbital (around the eye)

Autonomic symptoms (tearing, nasal congestion)

Cyclical (occurs in clusters or periods)

165
Q

Bulbar Palsy, 1 buzzwords

A

tongue fasciculation

166
Q

Test is used to diagnose myasthenia gravis

Diagnostic

A

Serum acetylcholine receptor antibodies is correct.

167
Q

Brain Abscess

A

Ring-enhancing lesion on imaging (CT/MRI)

168
Q

time lengths for below:

Cluster headache

trigeminal neuralgia

migraine

A

Cluster headache = 15-180 mins

trigeminal neuralgia= Few seconds - 2 mins

migraine= 4- 72 hours

169
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus triad

A

weird (dementia)

wet (incontinence)

wobbly (gait abnormality)

170
Q

MOA of Bupropion

A

inhibit the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine

171
Q

Dorsal Column (Posterior Column)
carries 3 things, what are they?

A

Carries fine touch, proprioception, and vibration sense.

Divided into:

Fasciculus gracilis (lower limb).

Fasciculus cuneatus (upper limb).

Decussates at the medulla.

172
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

AND

Anterior spinothalamic

carries 2 things each, what are they?

A

Lateral spinothalamic: Pain and temperature.

Anterior spinothalamic: Crude touch and pressure.

Decussates in the spinal cord.

173
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

AND

Anterior Corticospinal Tract

carries 1 things each, what are they?

A

Lateral corticospinal: Voluntary motor control (limbs);

decussates at the medulla.

Anterior corticospinal: Voluntary motor control (trunk);

decussates at the spinal cord level.

Lesions cause UMN signs (e.g., spasticity, Babinski sign).

174
Q
A

Year 3 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions