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anatomy 101 > neurology > Flashcards

neurology Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system

A

the master controlling and communicating system of the body

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2
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

made of brain and spinal cord; commands

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

made of spinal and cranial nerves; carries messages

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4
Q

sensory division

A

part of PNS; afferent

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5
Q

motor division

A

part of PNS ; efferent

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6
Q

motor division 2 parts

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

somotic nervous system (SNS)

A

skeletal muscles

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

regulates smooth muscles, cardiac, and glands

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9
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

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10
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

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11
Q

neurons

A

excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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12
Q

astrocyctes

A

most abundant glial cell; cling to neurons and cover capillaries; form blood brain barrier

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13
Q

microglia

A

small, ovoid cells with spiny processes

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14
Q

ependymal cells

A

secrete CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

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15
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

branched cells that wrap CNS nerve fibers with myelin

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16
Q

schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

A

surround fibers of the PNS

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17
Q

structural units of the nervous system

A

body, axon, and dendrites

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18
Q

perikaryon or SOMA

A

contains nucleus and nucleolus; has nissl bodies

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19
Q

axon hillock

A

bump in axon

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20
Q

tracts

A

in CNS

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21
Q

nerves

A

in PNS

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22
Q

nuclei is SOMA in

A

CNS

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23
Q

ganglia is SOMA in

A

PNS

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24
Q

dendrites

A

receptive/ input regions of the neuron

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25
Q

electrical signals are conveyed as

A

graded local potentials

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26
Q

long axons are called

A

nerve fibers

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27
Q

one unbranched axon

A

per neuron

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28
Q

rare branches are called

A

axon collaterals

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29
Q

axon function

A

generate and transmit action potentials

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30
Q

anterograde

A

toward axonal terminal

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31
Q

retrograde

A

away from axonal terminal

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32
Q

myelin sheath

A

increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission

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33
Q

myelin sheath formation

A

formed by schwann cells

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34
Q

neurilemma

A

remaining nucleus and cytoplasm of schwann cell

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35
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent schwann cells

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36
Q

no neurliemma means what functionally

A

no regeneration

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37
Q

white matter

A

myelinated fiber

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38
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated fiber

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39
Q

multipolar

A

3 or more processes

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40
Q

bipolar

A

2 processes

41
Q

unipolar

A

single, short process

42
Q

sensory transmits impulses

A

toward CNS

43
Q

motor transmits impulses

A

away from CNS

44
Q

interneurons shuttle signals

A

the CNS pathways

45
Q

passive or leakage channels

A

always open

46
Q

chemically/ ligand gated channels

A

open with binding of neurotransmitter

47
Q

voltage gated channels

A

open and close in response to membrane potential

48
Q

resting state of neuron

A

-70

49
Q

graded potential

A

short local changes in membrane potential

50
Q

action poential

A

a brief reversal membrane potential with an amplitude of 100

51
Q

depolarization

A

the inside of the membrane becomes less negative

52
Q

repolarization

A

the membrane returns back to its resting state

53
Q

hyperpolarization

A

the inside of the membrane becomes more negative then the resting state

54
Q

threshold

A

membrane is depolarized by 15 to 20 mV

55
Q

weak stimuli

A

is not dependent on action potentials

56
Q

strong stimuli

A

do relay on action potentials

57
Q

the absolute refactory period

A

prevents the neuron from generating and action potential

58
Q

axon diameter

A

the larger the diameter the faster the impulse

59
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

conducts impulses toward the synapse

60
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

transmits impulses away from the synapse

61
Q

axodendritic

A

synapses between the axon of the one neuron and the dendrite of another

62
Q

axosomatic

A

synapses between the axon of the one neuron and the soma of another

63
Q

neurotransmitter must

A

be released, diffuse across the synapse, and bind to receptors

64
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

65
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

66
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemicals used for neuronal communication with the body and the brain

67
Q

chemical neurotransmitters

A

acetylocholine, biogenic amines

68
Q

catecholamines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

69
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters cause

A

depolarizations

70
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters cause

A

hyperpolarizations

71
Q

central sulcus

A

separates the frontal and parietal lobes

72
Q

parieto occipital sulcus

A

seperates the parietal and occipital lobes

73
Q

lateral sulcus

A

seperates the parietal and temporal lobes

74
Q

the precentral and postcentral gyri

A

border the central sulcus

75
Q

motor areas

A

control voluntary movement

76
Q

sensory areas

A

conscious awareness of sensation

77
Q

association

A

integrate diverse information

78
Q

which lobe is the precentral gyrus located

A

frontal

79
Q

premotor cortex

A

controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills

80
Q

which lobe is the postcentral gyrus in

A

parietal

81
Q

wernickes area

A

sounding out unfamiliar words

82
Q

broccas area

A

speech preparation and production

83
Q

cerebral dominance

A

designates the hemisphere dominant for language

84
Q

left hemisphere

A

controls lauguage, math, and logic

85
Q

right hemisphere

A

controls visual spatial skills, emotion, and artistic skills

86
Q

pineal glands

A

extends from the postierior border and secretes melatonin

87
Q

brain stem has 3 regions

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

88
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

2 bulging structures that contain desening pyramidal motor tracts

89
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles

90
Q

superior colliculi

A

visual reflex centers

91
Q

inferior colliculi

A

auditory reflex centers

92
Q

amygdala

A

deals with anger,danger,and fear

93
Q

cingulaye gyrus

A

expressing emotions

94
Q

hippocampal structures

A

convert new information into long term memories

95
Q

RAS

A

recticular activating system

96
Q

what type of fibers compose the corona radiata

A

projection fibers

97
Q

where are the perikaryons of the first order neurons located

A

dorsal root ganglion

98
Q

where are the perikaryons of the third order neurons located

A

thalmus

anatomy 101 (1 decks)

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