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I am built like a neuroglia > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

gyrus

A

folds of cerebrum

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2
Q

brain damage due to lack of O2 time

A

4 minutes

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3
Q

Cerebral peduncles are

A

Large tracts that contain axons of motor neurons from cerebrum to rest of brainstem and spinal cord

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4
Q

Lateral gray horn only in

A

thoracic and upper lumbar segments

****autonomic motor only located in lateral gray horn

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5
Q

Spinal Reflex vs cranial reflex

A

simple vs occurs in brain stem

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6
Q

Ganglion cluster

A

cluster in PNS

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7
Q

Pons aka

A

bridge

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8
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in myelin along axon

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9
Q

Spinal root definition

A

2 bundles of axons connect each spinal nerve to cord

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10
Q

Axon Terminals aka

A

Synaptic Vesicle

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11
Q

S Division

P Division

A

S=Sympathetic

P=parasympathetic

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12
Q

Spinal Cord description

A

Connects to brain surrounded by vertebral column; 100 million neurons

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13
Q

Ependymal

A

Form CSF in ventricles

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14
Q

Multipolar Structure

A

most common; several dendrites one axon

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15
Q

S and P have what effects

A

antagonistic

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16
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs; I-XII; part of PNS and emerge from base of brain

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17
Q

Brain stem contains

A

continuous with spinal cord contains medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

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18
Q

SNS motor pathway

A

one neuron from CNS to effector

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19
Q

SNS sensory pathway

A

3 cell bodies

  1. dorsal root ganglion
  2. spinal cord or brain stem
  3. thalamus
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20
Q

2 spinal white matter columns

A 
Sensory tract (ascending)
Motor Tract (descending)
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21
Q

primary somatosensory area

A

postcentral gyrus

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22
Q

Diseases destroying myelin sheaths (2)

A

multiple sclerosis

Tay-sechs

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23
Q

What is called the emotional brain?

A

the limbic system

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24
Q

Somatic Nervous System
Motor:
Sensory:

A

Motor: Voluntary control
Sensory: Senses

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25
Q

What helps execute skilled motor movements?

A

Cerebellum

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26
Q

What cell produces CSF?

A

ependymal cells

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27
Q

sacral plexus supplies

A

buttocks, perineum, most lower limbs

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28
Q

Astrocyte function

A

form blood brain barrier

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29
Q

posterior horn has what neurons

A

sensory neurons

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30
Q

Ganglia (system and description )

A

PNS/small masses of neurons

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31
Q

Brain matter (gray and white)

A

Gray matter in thin cortex surrounds white matter

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32
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

between arachnoid and pia mater; filled with CSF

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33
Q

Enteric Nervous Systems

A

Monitors chemical changes in GI tract;

Regulate contractions, acids, endocrine cells

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34
Q

Unipolar

A

Fused dendrite and axon; sensory of spine

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35
Q

Action Potential aka

A

Nerve impulse; allows for neuron communications

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36
Q

What cell produces myelin around PNS neurons?

A

Schwann Cells

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37
Q

2 spinal cord grooves

A

anterior median fissure

posterior median fissure

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38
Q

Spinal cord 2 enlargements

A

Cervical: upper limbs
Lumbar: lower limbs

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39
Q

Pons connects:

A

connects left and right side of cerebellum

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40
Q

Pineal gland secrets

A

melatonin

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41
Q

Nerve wrap layers (4)

A
  1. endoneurium: wraps axons
  2. fascicle: group of axons in bundle
  3. perineurium : wrap fascicles
  4. Epineurium: covers entire nerve*
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42
Q

Action Potential requires

A

Resting membrane

ion channels

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43
Q

Amino Acids (4)

A

glutamate, aspartate, gamma aminobutyric, glycine

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44
Q

Neurons function

A

electric/ unique functions

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45
Q

primary motor area

A

precentral gyrus

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46
Q

Somatic motor pathway route

A 
axon 
ventral root
spinal nerve 
muscle 
voluntary movements
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47
Q

Pia Mater

A

Inner layer; thin and delicate; adheres to spina cord and brain

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48
Q

3 basic neurons

A 
sensory neurons (afferent)*
interneuron 
moto neuron (efferent)*
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49
Q

anterior spinothalamic tract controls (2)

A

light touch sensation

deep pressure sensation

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50
Q

lumbar plexus supplies

A

abdominal wall, external genitals parts of lower limbs

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51
Q

What coordinates reflex center for the eye, head movement and auditory relay?

A

Cerebellum

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52
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest and most superior part

“X-Men”

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53
Q

Cell Body contents (3)

A

Nucleus cytoplasm organelles

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54
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Afferent/Conveys info to CNS

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55
Q

lobes of cerebrum hemispheres

A

frontal parietal temporal occipital

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56
Q

Microglia

A

Protects CNS cells from disease

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57
Q

parietal lobe and frontal lobe separated by

A

central sulcus

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58
Q 
Neuro transmitters (5)
AAMNN
A 
ACh
amino acid
modified amino acid
norepinephrine 
nitric oxide
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59
Q

Regeneration of PNS neurons

A

Axons and dendrites can be repaired if cell body is intact and Schwann Cells are functional

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60
Q

Parasympathetic cell bodied cranial nerves + segments

A

3
7
9
10

S2-S4

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61
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Produce myelin in CNS

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62
Q

What cell produces myelin around the CNS neuron?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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63
Q

Where is CSF produced

A

choroid plexuses

located in ventricles in the brain

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64
Q

Components of synapse

A 
presynaptic neuron (sending)
Synaptic cleft (space between)
post synaptic neuron (receiving neuron)
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65
Q

right hemisphere of brain

A

pattern recognition, emotional content, sight, sound, taste, smell

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66
Q

Gray Matter definition

A

Lacks myelin

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67
Q

Axon

A

conducts away from cell body/ cone-shaped Axon Hillcock

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68
Q

Effectors act on

A

Muscles and Glands

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69
Q

Myelination

A

insulates axon and speeds up impulses; increases from birth to maturity

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70
Q

Rest and Digest

“SLUDD”

A 
salivation
lacrimation
urination
digestion
defecation
71
Q

White matter definition

A

Primarily myelinated axons

72
Q

Spinal nerve pair breakdown

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccyx
73
Q

Pons associated with which cranial nerves

A

5-8

74
Q

diencephalon

A

superior brain stem contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

75
Q

Neuroglia (4)

A

Support nourish and protect neurons
critical for homeostasis of ISF around nucleus
cells smaller but many more
make up 1/2 volume of the CNS

76
Q

Spinal Cord White Matter

A

Tracts act as highways

77
Q

Meninges layers

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

78
Q

Regeneration of CNS

A

very limited; inhibited by neuroglia

79
Q

3 PNS subdivisions

EAS

A

SNS
ANS
ENS

80
Q

left hemisphere of brain

A

speech, writing, numerical, science, reasoning

81
Q

What AREA* regulates breathing and speech muscles

A

Broca’s Speech Area

82
Q

Enteric Plexus (system and description)

A

PNS/ located in GI tract

83
Q

hypothalamus

A

important for homeostasis

controls pituitary gland and hormone production*

84
Q

Medulla oblongata white matter

A

contains all sensory and motor tracts between spinal cord and brain

85
Q

stimulus charge

A

-55 microvolts

86
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outer layer; tough and dense; extends to S2; covers brain

87
Q

Brain description

A

Surrounded by skull; 100 Billion neurons

88
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Support neurons in PNS ganglia

89
Q

Posterior Root (grey H)

A

(sensory) Sensory axons supply to CNS

90
Q

AP phases

A

Stimulus
Depolarizing Phase (rising)
Repolarizing Phase (return to resting)
Hyperpolarization

91
Q

brain blood supply stats

A

2% body weight; 20% O2 supply

92
Q

Medulla oblongata associated with what cranial nerves

A

8-12

93
Q

sulcus

A

shallow grooves of cerebrum

94
Q

3 neuroglia functions

A

do not generate or conduct impulses
s/n/p neurons
multiply to fill space formerly occupied by neurons

95
Q

One sympathetic preganglionic axon can synapse how may postganglionic neuron cell bodies

A

20

96
Q

Saltatory conduction definition

A

nodes of Ranvier allow impulses to leap from one node to the next
*faster form

97
Q

brachial plexus supplies

A

upper limbs, some neck, shoulder muscles

98
Q

Autonomic Nervous System
Motor:
Sensory:

A

Motor: Involuntary
Sensory: to Visceral Organs

99
Q

Bundle of Axons (2)

A

Nerve-PNS

Tract-CNS

100
Q

Motor neuron

A

Efferent/ convey info away from CNS to muscle &glands

101
Q

Sensory Receptor (system and function)

A

PNS; Monitor environment changes

102
Q

3 regions of diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland

103
Q

ACh (and function)

A

Acetylcholine

PNS/Stimulatory to skeletal muscle and inhibitory to cardiac muscle

104
Q

Anterior Root (grey H)

A

(motor) Axons of motor neuron from CNS to effector

105
Q

3 Neuron Structural Classes

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

106
Q

6 neuroglia types

“A-MOSES”

A 
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia 
ependymal 
Schwann cells
Satellite cells
107
Q

Midbrain connects…

A

Pons to diencephalon

108
Q

Autonomic Nervous System motor pathway

A

two neurons from CNS to effector

109
Q

Pons contains which tracts?

A

ascending(sensory) and descending (motor)

110
Q

Bipolar Structure

A

One dendrite one axon; specialized

111
Q

descending tract example

A

corticospinal tract (CST)

112
Q

Spinal Cord Gray Matter

A

Receives and integrates info for reflexes

113
Q

3 factors increasing rate of conduction

A

myelin
large diameter
warm nerve fibers

114
Q

Little brain aka

A

Cerebellum

115
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

divides cerebrum into right and left hemispheres

116
Q

Spinal cord matter (white and gray)

A

white(tracts) surround the gray H (butterfly)

117
Q

Somatosensory association area

A

located in postcentral gyrus

storage of memories of past sensory experiences

118
Q

Dendrite

A

Carry Impulses to cell body/ branches

119
Q

Cell body in CNS

A

Nucleus

120
Q

Interneuron

A

Integrates info/ analyzes and stores info

121
Q

What network of nerves are located in the GI tract?

A

enteric

122
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

middle layer; extends into subarachnoid space

123
Q

2 classes of neurologic tissue

A

Neuron

Neuroglia

124
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract

A

pain

hot vs cold

125
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 PAIRS serving each part of the body

126
Q

Medulla oblongata location

A

forms inferior part of brain stem

127
Q

Schwan Cells

A

Produce myelin around PNS

128
Q

Epidural Space

A

Fat between vertebrae and dura mater

129
Q

PNS contents

A 
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Ganglia
Enteric Plexus
Sensory Receptors
130
Q

Continuous conduction definition

A

in unmyelinated axons currents flow across adjacent portions of plasma membrane

131
Q

Spinal cord lengths

A

16-18” from medulla ob. to L2

132
Q

Responsible for conscious proprioception

A

posterior column- medial lemniscus pathway

133
Q

modified amino acids (3)

A

Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

134
Q

Coordinates muscular movement

A

Red nuclei of midbrain

135
Q

Midbrain associated with what cranial nerves?

A

III and IV

136
Q

Autonomic controls voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

137
Q

Medulla oblongata gray matter + 2 important features

A

contains nuclei where neurons form synapses

  1. Cardiovascular center regulates rate and force of the heart and diameter of vessels
  2. Medullary rhythmicity regulates breathing
138
Q

Lateralization

A

brain controls the opposite of the body

139
Q

What nerves carry 80% of P impulses to viscera?

A

Vagus
CN X
“DMX/CNX”

140
Q

Neuron 4 parts

A

Cell body
Dendrite
Axon
Axon Terminal

141
Q

Circle of Willis

A

circulatory anastomosis supplies blood to brain and surrounding areas via 2 carotid arteries

142
Q

Neuroglia function

A

Support, nourish and protect neurons

143
Q

resting potential charge

A

-70 microvolts

144
Q

cervical plexus supplies

A

posterior head, neck, upper shoulder and diaphragm

145
Q

Spinal cord white mater

A

myelinated axons with 2 columns

146
Q

anterior horn

A

motor neurons

147
Q

thalamus

A

major sensory relay center; contributes to motor functions

148
Q

Nervous system tasks (7)

A 
smell
touch
temp
speech
remember
body movement
operation of internal organs
149
Q

ANS subdivisions

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

150
Q

CNS contents

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

151
Q

3 neurons in SNS pathway

A

distal root ganglion
brain stem or spinal cord
thalamus

152
Q

Somatic Sensory Pathway example

A

Posterior column - medial lemniscus pathway senses

153
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tracts 2 tasks

A

light touch

deep sensation

154
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract

2 tasks

A

pain and temp

155
Q

What tests for proprioception?

A

Romberg

156
Q

Upper abdominal reflex vertebrae

A

T8-T10

157
Q

Lower Abdominal Reflex Vertebrae

A

T10-12

158
Q

Cremasteric reflex vertebrae

A

T12 L1 L2

159
Q

Deep Tendon Bicep Vertebrae

A

C5 C6

160
Q

Plantar vertebrae reflex

A

L5 S1 S2

161
Q

Triceps reflex

A

C5 C7 C8

162
Q

Patellar reflex vertebrae

A

L2-L4

163
Q

Achilles reflex vertebrae

A

S1 S2

164
Q

DTR 4

A

very brisk/hyperactive

165
Q

DTR 3

A

brisk/ slightly hyperactive

166
Q

DTR 2

A

active/normal

167
Q

DTR 1

A

sluggish/diminished

168
Q

reabsorbs CSF

A

arachnoid villi

169
Q

One antibiotic that permeates blood brain barrier

A

ceftriaxone

170
Q

Tract for Deep Sensation and Light Touch

A

AST

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

171
Q

Tract for Px and Temp

A

LST

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

172
Q

CN in Pons

A

CN 5-8

173
Q

Brain Blood Barrier allows what to pass

A 
Lipid soluble and :
O2 
CO2
EOTH
Anesthesia

I am built like a neuroglia (3 decks)

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