Neurology Flashcards
Differentiate between CNS & PNS?
CNS = brain & spinal cord, collection of cell bodies = nuclei
PNS = outside the CNS
collection of cell bodies = ganglia
What connects the CNS & PNS?
- 12 cranial nerves - brain & head and neck
- 31 spinal nerves - spinal cord and periphery
the Autonomic nervous system:
- what is it
- where is it
- what are its divisions
- system beyond conscious control, e.g. viscera, smooth muscle, glands, heart
- part in CNS part in PNS
- sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
What is the sympathetic nervous system
- essentially fight or flight system
- ganglia close to spinal cord
- supply visceral organs and structures of the superficial body organs
Effect of the sympathetic nervous system
- **increases** heart rate & force of constriction in heart
- **vasoconstriction**
- **bronchoDILATION**
- sphincter contract
- decreased gastric secretion & motility
- male ejaculation
Major structure of the sympathetic nervous system?
Sympathetic trunk - two chains of ganglia lying close to spinal cord (one on each side)
Neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system and receptor?
Preganglionic: Acetyl-choline ACh to nicotinic receptors
Effector cell: Noradrenaline to adrenergic receptors
What is the parasympathetic nervous system
- essentially the rest and digest system
- some ganglia in brain, some near the organs
Major structure of the sympathetic nervous system?
Cranial nerves 10, 9, 7, 3
Neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system and receptor?
Preganglionic: Acetyl-choline ACh to nicotinic receptors
Effector cell: Acetyl-choline ACh to muscarinic receptors
Effect of the sympathetic nervous system
- **decrease** heart rate and force of contraction
- **vasodilation**
- **bronchoCONSTRICTION**
- increased gastric motility and secretion
- spincter relaxation
- male erection
How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have
31 - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
Where is the motor cortex located
Precentral gyrus, **frontal lobe**!!
Where is the somatosensory cortex located
Postcentral gyrus, **parietal lobe**!!
Where is the visual cortex located
**Occipital lobe**
Where is the auditory cortex located?
Lateral fissure, **temporal lobe**
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
higher intellect, personality, mood, social conduct and language (in dominant hemisphere only)
remember by teens - they’ve not developed frontal lobe properly yet lol also pituitary tumour in optic chiasm can cause mood changes
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
language on dom
sensory perception and integration on nondom
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
memory and language primary auditory cortex is here!!
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
vision - primary visual cortex is here!
If a patient has
- recognition deficits (agnosias) - e.g. cannot recognise basic sounds or faces
Where has the cerebrovascular accident occurred?
Temporal lobe
If a patient has
- personality and behavorial changes
- inability to solve problems
Where has the cerebrovascular accident occurred?
Frontal lobe
If a patient has
- visual field defects
and this is a cerebrovascular accident - where has this occurred?
Occipital lobe
If a patient has
- attention deficits, e.g. contralateral hemispatial neglect syndrome (does not pay attention to a side of body)
Where has the cerebrovascular accident occurred and what is the relation to the side of the body neglected?
Parietal lobe
Lesion would be on the opposite of the neglected body side