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BVetMed4 - Neuro > Neurological Exam SA > Flashcards

Neurological Exam SA Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the five finger rule

A 
Signalment
Onset
Clinical Course
Lateralisation 
Pain
Neuroanatomical localisation
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2
Q

What are the segments of the spinal cord?

A

C1-C5
C6-T2
T3-L3
L4-S3

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3
Q

What neuro condition gets better with time?

A

Toxic
Trauma
Vascular
Anomalous

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4
Q

What neuro condition gets worse with time?

A 
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Nutritional
Degenerative 
Anomalous
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5
Q

What type of neuro condition is characterised by waxing and waning signs?

A

Metabolic

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6
Q

What should you observe on hands off exam?

A

Mental status and behaviour
Posture and body position at rest
Evaluation of gait
Involuntary movement

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7
Q

What is required for a patient to be BAR?

A

Forebrain and reticular formation of brain stem

Need the ascending RAS to be awake

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8
Q

Describe the scale from stupendous to comatose

A

Normal
Obtunded
Stuperous
Comatose

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9
Q

Describe an obtunded patient

A

Decreased interest in surroundings, slowed psychomotor response

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10
Q

Describe a stuperous patient

A

Only responds to Pain consciously - i.e, forebrain response

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11
Q

Describe a comatose patient

A

No response to stimuli

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12
Q

What can cause a patient to be obtunded?

A

Forebrain or brainstorm lesion or due to other systemic illness

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13
Q

Where can you localise a lesion to if the patient is stuperous or comatose?

A

Brain stem

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14
Q

What is disorientation typically associated with ?

A

Vestibular system

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15
Q

What does wide circling indicate?

What does the direction of the circling indicate?

A

Forebrain lesion

Circle towards the side of the lesion

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16
Q

Why does an animal circle towards the side of the forebrain lesion ?

A

If they have a left forebrain lesion they won’t be able to perceive stimuli from the right

Therefore they avoid the right and circle left

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17
Q

What does head pressing indicate ?

What diagnostics are indicated?

A

A bilateral symmetrical problem

Likely metabolic problem e.g. hepatic encephalopathy or renal encephalopathy

Systemic bloods

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18
Q

What would hemi-neglect of the left side of a bowl indicate?

A

A right forebrain lesion

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19
Q

What system is indicated in head tilt?

A

Vestibular

20
Q

What is pleurothotonus ?

21
Q

What is indicated in a wide based stance posture?

A

Cerebellum / vestibulocerebellar

22
Q

What causes ventroflexion of the neck in cats ?

Why does this occur?

A

Loss of muscle tone in the neck

Cats don’t have a nuchal ligament

23
Q

What are the rigidity postures seen in recumbent animals ?

A

Decerebellate
Decerebrate
Schiff-Sherrington

24
Q

What spinal segment is indicated in schiff-Sherrington rigidity?

25
Q

Describe schiff-Sherrington rigidity

A

TL - extended and increased tone

PL - decreased muscle tone

26
Q

How does the Schiff - Sherrington posture occur?

A

Border cells tonically inhibit extensors

Lesion causes loss of tonic inhibition to thoracic limb = extended forelimb

27
Q

What are the types of ataxia?

A

Cerebellar
Vestibular
Proprioceptive

28
Q

Describe what you would expect to see in cerebellar ataxia

A

Positioning of legs uncoordinated and exaggerated movements

29
Q

What is meant by the term paresis ?

A

Partial loss of motor function and inability to support weight

Can be ambulatory or non-ambulatory

30
Q

What is meant by the term plegia?

A

Complete loss of motor function

31
Q

What hands on examination is involved in a neuro exam?

A

Postural reaction testing
Spinal reflexes, muscle mass and tone
CN assessment
Palpation of painful areas

32
Q

Does postural testing assess a reaction or a reflex?

A

REACTION - have to be conscious to assess

33
Q

What do postural reactions assess?

A

Afferent, Ipsilateral spinal cord , ipsilateral brainstem contralateral forebrain

34
Q

How can you assess postural reactions?

A 
Paw position 
Hopping
Wheel barrow 
Extensor postural thrust 
Hemiwalking
35
Q

What section of the spinal cord is associated with the patellar reflex ?

36
Q

what does a patellar reflex usually indicate?

A

Femoral n problem

37
Q

When would you expect menace to be absent?

A

First 10-12weeks
Stressed patients
Lethargic patients
Disorientated patients

38
Q

What CN Does PLR test?

39
Q

What CN does menace test?

A

CNII + VII

40
Q

What CN does the vestibule-ocular reflex test?

A

VIII

III+IV+VI

41
Q

What CN does the palpebral reflex test?

42
Q

What CN does the corneal reflex test?

A

CNV + VI/II

43
Q

Is facial sensation a reflex?

44
Q

What lesion would be indicated by decreased facial sensation on the left?

A

Contralateral lesion

45
Q

What CN are tested with the gag reflex ?

A

CNIX and X

BVetMed4 - Neuro (1 decks)

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