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Neurophysiology > Neurological exam 1 > Flashcards

Neurological exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the cerebrum?

A
  1. cortex
  2. basal ganglion
  3. limbic structures
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2
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for most higher functions?

A

Cortex

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3
Q

What occurs at the frontal lobe (pre-central gyrus, anterior & pre central gyrus & anterior inferior pre-central gyrus) ?

A

Pre-central gyrus: simple movements

Anterior & Pre central gyrus: complex motor plans

Ant & inferior to pre central gyrus: motor aspects of speech

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4
Q

What occurs at both frontal & partial lobes?

A

planning, abstract thinking,social behaviour

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5
Q

What occurs at post-central gyrus?

A

Parietal lobe:

  1. Perception of touch, temp, vibration
  2. Perception of proprioception
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6
Q

What occurs distributed throughout the parietal lobe (3)?

A
  1. memory
  2. Executive functions
  3. abstract thinking
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7
Q

What occurs at the temporal lobe (3)?

A
  1. Hearing, scent, taste
  2. recognition of speech
  3. memory (w/ limbic system)
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8
Q

What occurs at the occipital lobe (3)?

A
  1. vision
  2. Association cortex: relate visual stimuli to things
  3. memories related to what has been seen
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9
Q

What does memory formation require (3)?

A
  1. attention (pre-frontal lobe)
  2. processors (limbic lobe)
  3. Storage (cortex - close to sensation they associated with)
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10
Q

What makes up the basal ganglion?

A
  1. Striatum (caudate & putamen)
  2. Globus Pallidus
  3. Subthalmic nuclei
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11
Q

Function of basal ganglion?

A

coordination of meaningful movement
- encourages intended movements while inhibiting others

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12
Q

Loss of function of basal ganglion is in what diseases (3)?

A
  1. Parkinsons
  2. Huntingtons
  3. Turets

= remorse, random movements, fiddiculty initiating, vocal utterances, personality changes

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13
Q

What are the limbic structures (2)?

A
  1. Amyglada
  2. Hippocampus
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14
Q

Hippocampus function?

A

long term memory & retrieval

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15
Q

Amygdala function?

A

emotional responses
-attaches emotions to memories
-memories related to fear

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16
Q

Thalamus function?

A
  • relay centre for sensory info to cortex
    -relays info to help refine motor skill (basal ganglion, cerebellum)
17
Q

Hypothalamus function (3)?

A
  1. Regulates autonomic NS
  2. controls endocrine system & pituitary gland
  3. some thalamic nuclei modulate emotion & memory function
18
Q

Cerebellum function?

A
  • compares info from R about joint proprioception & movement, gravity & eqm
  • uses info to adjust movements formulated in prefrontal cortex “error corrects”

NEUROANATOMY: coordination of voluntary movement, posture & balance

19
Q

Highly folded structure that takes 10% mass of brain?

A

Cerebellum

20
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

1.midbrain
2. pons
3. medulla

21
Q

Brainstem function?

A

all pathways that bring sensory info into CNS or motor info out of CNS

22
Q

Do damaged neruons/axons regenerate in CNS? PNS?

A

CNS: no
PNS: common

23
Q

What do the components of the white mater of the spinal cord carry?

A

Dorsal column: proprioception, vibration, fast pain fibers (sensory)

Anterior & lateral column: pain, temp, itch, sensory to pain

Anterior column: motor info to skeletal muscle

23
Q

What does gray matter of spinal cord have?

A

Dorsal horns: Sensory/afferent to CNS

Ventral horns: Motor/efferent away from CNS (skeletal m)

*back brain front

24
Q

What info does lateral and anterior corticospinal tract carry?

A

Lateral: fine movement of extremities

Anterior: movements of the trunk

25
Q

Corticospinal tract pathway? (general motor)

A

Motor plan formed (prefrontal cortex) >
Primary neuron activated in prefrontal lobe >
Axons travel down brainstem & cross over & medullary pyramids >

1 OR 2
1. Activation of primary neuron in ventral horn > stimulate skeletal m. contraction

  1. Activation of motor neuron in ventral horn > modify reflexes
26
Q

How does cerebellar modify motor plans (3)?

A
  1. Intergrates info from proprioceptors (spinocerebellar tract) & inner ear (vestibulocerebellar tract)
  2. Compares the motor plan generated by frontal lobe that was relayed by pons
  3. Adjusts by communicating via thalamus to front lobe

=refines movements relayed by corticopsinal tract

27
Q

Motor system relies of info from? 2 pathways?

A

proprioceptors!

  1. Dorsal column-medial leminsical system:
    R > dorsal horn > dorsal column > thalamus > post central gyrus
  2. Spinocerebellar system:
    R > dorsal horn > dorsal lateral column > cerebellum
28
Q

What are reflexes? their function?

A
  • fast involuntary sequence of movements that only require simple neuron connection (no brainstem/spinal cord)
  • FNC: protective/ stabilizing
29
Q

Stretch reflex?

A

FNC: maintains posture
- muscle stretches & contracts >
stumulates motor neuron in ventral horn
-inhibits antagonist m

30
Q

Muscle spindle?

A

proprioceptor that senses muscle stretch

31
Q

Tendon Reflex?

A

FUNC: prevents tendon tearing during excessive force
-tendon stretches, agonist muscle contracts > stimulate motor neuron in ventral horn

ex. patellar, triceps

32
Q

Withdrawl reflex?

A

-in response to painful stimuli

33
Q

Plantar reflex?

A

-in response to an irritating stimuli (lateral side stroke), foot plantar flexes & toes curl
-in response to corticospinal tract

34
Q

Cerebellar tests (4)?

A
  1. Rapid alternating eye movements
  2. Point-to-point movements
  3. Heal to shin movements
  4. Gait

-test cerebellar ability to evaluate body position & provide feedback

35
Q

What does Romberg sign evalaute & what is the test?

A

EVALUATES: function of dorsal columns (sensory info from proprioceptors to cerebellum & pareital cortex)

TEST: pt stands with feet together, eyes closed & if looses balance = positive sign

36
Q

What does pronator drive evaluate & what is the test?

A

EVALUATES: cortiospinal tract (precentral gyrus & prefrontal cortex)

TEST: pt stands with arm in front supine, eyes closed, if they fit (pronate) = positive test

Neurophysiology (2 decks)

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