Neurological Disorders Flashcards
What is the diagnostic criteria for Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD)?
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5):
Deficits in intellectual functioning: Issues with reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience, confirmed by clinical assessment and standardized intelligence testing.
Deficits in adaptive functioning: Significant limitations in meeting sociocultural and developmental standards for independence and responsibility, affecting daily life activities (e.g., communication, social participation, independent living).
Onset during the developmental period: The intellectual and adaptive deficits must become evident during childhood or adolescence (before approximately 18 years of age), which distinguishes IDD from conditions acquired later in life (e.g., traumatic brain injury or dementia).
What are the severity levels of Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD)?
Severity Levels (DSM-5):
Mild: Can develop practical skills; achieve independence with some support; challenges in academic skills and abstract reasoning.
Moderate: Able to perform simple self-care tasks; need moderate supervision; limited social and conceptual understanding.
Severe: Require substantial support for basic daily activities and self-care; significant communication and social limitations.
Profound: Depend entirely on others for care; minimal ability to communicate or perform tasks independently.
What is the diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5):
Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, as manifested by the following:
Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity (e.g., difficulty with back-and-forth conversation, reduced sharing of interests/emotions).
Deficits in nonverbal communication (e.g., abnormal eye contact, facial expressions, gestures).
Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships (e.g., difficulty adjusting behavior to fit social contexts, trouble making friends).
Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following:
1- Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech (e.g., hand flapping, echolalia).
2- Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of behavior (e.g., distress at small changes).
3- Highly restricted, fixated interests (e.g., strong attachment to unusual objects, intense focus on specific topics).
4- Hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment (e.g., indifference to pain, adverse response to sounds or textures).
Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities or may be masked by learned strategies).
Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability or global developmental delay. Intellectual disability and ASD frequently co-occur, but to make a comorbid diagnosis, social communication deficits must exceed those expected for developmental level.
What are the specifiers for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
Specifiers for ASD (DSM-5):
With or without accompanying intellectual impairment
With or without accompanying language impairment
Associated with a known medical or genetic condition or environmental factor (e.g., fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis)
Associated with another neurodevelopmental, mental, or behavioral disorder (e.g., ADHD, anxiety disorder)
With catatonia
What are common co-occurring conditions with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Common Co-occurring Conditions:
Intellectual Disability (ID): Frequently co-occurs, with varying levels of intellectual functioning.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Impulsivity, hyperactivity, or attention deficits.
Anxiety Disorders: Including generalized anxiety, social anxiety, or specific phobias.
Epilepsy: Higher prevalence of seizure disorders.
Sleep Disorders: Difficulties falling or staying asleep, or irregular sleep patterns.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Issues: Such as chronic constipation, diarrhea, or food intolerances
What is the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Prevalence (DSM-5):
Approximately 1 in 54 children diagnosed with ASD.
4:1 male-to-female ratio, though females may present differently and are often underdiagnosed.
Found across all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups.
What are the early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Early Signs (DSM-5):
Limited or no response to name by 12 months.
Lack of pointing or showing objects by 14 months.
Absence of pretend play by 18 months.
Limited eye contact and facial expressions.
Repetitive movements or use of objects (e.g., spinning toys, hand flapping).
Strong reactions to sensory inputs (e.g., sounds, textures).
What is the diagnostic criteria for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5):
Symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity:
Must persist for at least 6 months to a degree inconsistent with developmental level and negatively impact functioning.
Several symptoms must have been present before the age of 12.
Symptoms must occur in two or more settings (e.g., home, school, work).
Symptoms interfere with or reduce the quality of social, academic, or occupational functioning.
Symptoms are not better explained by another mental disorder (e.g., mood disorder, anxiety disorder).
What are the core symptom domains of ADHD
Core Symptom Domains (DSM-5):
Inattention:
Difficulty sustaining attention, making careless mistakes, not listening when spoken to, poor organization, losing things, and being easily distracted
Hyperactivity-Impulsivity:
Fidgeting, leaving seat inappropriately, running or climbing inappropriately, talking excessively, interrupting others, and difficulty waiting turn.
What is the prevalence of ADHD
Prevalence (DSM-5):
Affects approximately 5% of children and 2.5% of adults globally.
More commonly diagnosed in males than females (2:1 in children, 1.6:1 in adults).
Females often present with more inattention symptoms and less hyperactivity-impulsivity compared to males.
What are common co-occurring conditions with ADHD?
Common Co-occurring Conditions:
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): Frequent in children with ADHD.
Conduct Disorder: Found in some cases, particularly with impulsivity.
Anxiety Disorders: Higher rates in individuals with ADHD.
Depressive Disorders: Often linked to the impact of ADHD on self-esteem and functioning.
Learning Disabilities: Including reading, writing, or math challenges.
What are the early signs of ADHD in children
Early Signs of ADHD:
Difficulty staying focused on tasks or play.
Frequently losing toys or school supplies.
Excessive running, climbing, or inability to sit still.
Interrupting others or blurting out answers inappropriately.
Difficulty waiting their turn in games or conversations.
List three causes for intellectual disability.
Genetic conditions: Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome.
Prenatal factors: Fetal alcohol syndrome, maternal infections (e.g., rubella).
Perinatal or postnatal events: Birth trauma, severe head injury, malnutrition, or exposure to toxins.
Which of the following symptoms fall under the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder: limited facial expressions, echolalia, inaccurate word reading, clumsiness, lack of interest in peers, decreased sensitivity to temperature, self-injurious behavior?
Symptoms under the diagnostic criteria for ASD:
Limited facial expressions.
Echolalia.
Lack of interest in peers.
Decreased sensitivity to temperature.
Self-injurious behavior.
Not diagnostic for ASD:
Inaccurate word reading (may indicate a learning disorder).
Clumsiness (could indicate developmental coordination disorder).
Describe sex differences in the presentation of autism spectrum disorder.
Males: More likely to show overt repetitive behaviors and restricted interests.
Females: Often have better social imitation skills, making symptoms less noticeable; may display subtle social communication deficits and restricted interests that align with socially accepted topics (e.g., animals, celebrities).
