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Neurology (LHW) > Neurological disease of cattle > Flashcards

Neurological disease of cattle Flashcards

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1
Q

What part of the CNS is responsible for conscious functions?

A

Brain

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2
Q

What part of the CNS is responsible for cranial nerve functions and breathing?

A

Brainstem and cranial nerves

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3
Q

What part of the CNS is responsible for unconscious control of proprioceptive functions and coordination/smoothing of movements?

A

Cerebellum

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4
Q

What part of the CNS is responsible for limb movement and strength?

A

Spinal cord

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5
Q

Carrying limbs suggests what type of problem - orthopaedic or neurological?

A

Orthopaedic

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6
Q

Dragging limbs suggests what type of problem - orthopaedic or neurological?

A

Neurological

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7
Q

Shortened stride/step suggests what type of problem - orthopaedic or neurological?

A

Orthopaedic

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8
Q

Increased step length suggests what type of problem - orthopaedic or neurological?

A

Neurological

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9
Q

Circling usually indicates a lesion in what part of the CNS?

A

Brain

Asymmetrical cortex lesion

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10
Q

Falling over usually indicates a problem in what part of the CNS?

A

Cerebellum

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11
Q

Head-pressing normally indicates what problem?

A

Increased cranial pressure

Or encephalitis

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12
Q

What is the difference between tremors and spasms?

A

Tremors - rapid contractions of muscle groups AND their antagonists
Spasm - sudden intense contractions of muscle groups

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13
Q

What is extended muscle cramp called?

A

Tetanus

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14
Q

What is spasticity? What lesions does it occur with?

A

Increased muscle tone

Brain stem or spinal cord lesions

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15
Q

What is the difference between paresis and paralysis?

A

Paresis - still able to move (but weakened movements)

Paralysis - unable to move

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16
Q

What can be used to percuss the head, vertebrae and pelvis?

A

Finger - head
Fist - vertebrae in neck
Percussion hammer -rest of vertebrae and pelvis

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17
Q

If blindness occurs due to a lesion in the cortex, how are the menace response and iris reflexes affected?

A

No menace response

Iris reflex normal

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18
Q

What is the palate reflex?

A

Pressing palate

Normal response is palate should open

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19
Q

What nerve does the palate reflex and jaw drop test?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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20
Q

If a cow cannot close one eyelid, has a lower lip hanging and cannot close one side of their mouth, what cranial nerve is most likely to be affected?

A

Facial nerve

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21
Q

What is the anal reflex?

A

Thermometer in rectum - should case contraction of external anal sphincter

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22
Q

The patella reflex and radoiocarpal extensor reflex should be checked in what age cows?

A

Calves

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23
Q

What is the scrotal reflex?

A

Touching scrotal skin

Would expect skin to wrinkle

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24
Q

What should happen if you pinch a cow’s skin between their claws?

A

Should bend leg

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25
When a cow's head is moved, what should happen in regards to their eye movement?
Move opposite way
26
What is the conscious and proprioceptive neurological test?
Walk towards small obstacle Conscious - should lift leg Unconscious - wearing a blindfold, should lift leg when arrives near obstacle
27
When getting up, do cattle get onto their forelimbs or hindlimb first?
Hindlimbs
28
Are brain tumours acute or chronic?
Chronic
29
What clinical signs would you expect to see with a cortical lesion?
``` Ataxia Proprioceptive deficits Blindness Circling Nystagmus Changes in behaviour Head pressing (raised ICP, encephalitis) ```
30
What clinical signs would you expect to cerebellar brain lesion?
``` Imbalanced Wide based stance Head tilt Dysmetria Nystagmus Hyperaesthesia ```
31
What is the most common cause of meningitis in calves? What age cows are affected?
1 week old calves | Lack of colostrum
32
A 1 week old calve is head pressing. What would you expect to be the most likely diagnosis?
Meningitis
33
What is the treatment and prognosis for meningitis?
IV antibiotics Dexamethasone (Poor prognosis)
34
Penicillin is ineffective to what pathogens?
Gram negative bacteria | Do not use if suspected E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella
35
Brain abscesses are mostly caused by what pathogen?
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
36
With a brain abscess, is the head tilt towards are away from the lesion?
Head tilt TOWARDS lesion
37
What is hydrocephalus also known as? What is it?
Occasional acute cortical disease | Failure of CSF drainage caused increased ICP
38
What breeds are predisposed to hydrocephalus (occasional acute cortical disease)?
Holstein Jersey Fresian Guernsey
39
What are the clinical signs of hydrocephalus?
Domed cranium | Diffuse cerebral signs - inc head pressing
40
What causes CCN?
Thiamine (B1) deficiency | Causes necrosis of the GREY matter
41
What age is most commonly affected by CCN?
6-18 months old | Young cattle
42
What are some clinical signs you would expect to see with CCN?
Star-gazing Blindness Diarrhoea
43
How is CCN diagnosed?
History, clin signs, response to treatent Blood thiaminase assay Post mortem - yellow patches, fluorescence under UV light
44
On a post-mortem of a cow with CCN, what brain changes would you expect to see?
Yellow pigment - lipofuscin | Fluorescence under UV light
45
How is CCN treated in cattle?
Thiamine (B1) Corticosteroids Thiamine supplemented ration, introduce concentrates slowly
46
Which age of cattle is lead poisoning most common in?
Young - due to curious nature
47
Lead poisoning in cows causes what CNS problem?
ACUTE encephalopathy | Cerebral and GI signs
48
How is lead poisoning in cattle treated?
Pentobarbitone - control seizures Chelate lead Thiamine Oral magnesium sulphate (precipitates lead from GIT)
49
Why may you consider euthanasia over treatment in the case of lead poisoning?
Poor prognosis | 6-7 months to return to milk/meat being suitable for consumption (contact APHA)
50
What causes nervous ketosis?
Negative energy balance | Causes rapidly mobilising of adipose tissue - nonsterified fatty acids in blood
51
How long and often do the signs of nervous ketosis last?
Last 1-2 hours | Occur at 10 hourly intervals
52
How is nervous ketosis treated?
Dextrose IV Propylene glycol (used to treat ketosis) Corticosteroids
53
Hypomagnesaemia is especially seen in which type of cattle?
Pastured lactating beef cows on pasture | Magnesium excreted in milk - at risk if calved within past few months
54
What are the causes of salt poisoning? What CNS problem does it cause?
Too much salt or water deprivation | Sodium deposition in the brain - may increased intracranial pressure
55
How is salt poisoning treated?
Rehydrate, then use hypertonic saline (otherwise increase ICP)
56
What is Pseudorabies also known as?
Aujezsky's, Mad itch
57
For pseudorabies to be suspected in cattle, which other species must they have been in contact with?
Pigs
58
Which of the following suspected disease requires APHA to be contacted: rabies, pseudorabies or both?
Both
59
Is Pseudorabies often fatal?
Yes - within 2 days
60
BSE (Mad cow disease) causes prion protein accumulation within what part of the CNS? What is it associated with?
Neurones | Foodstuff containing meat and bone meal
61
Is BSE notifiable?
Yes
62
How is BSE diagnosed?
Post-mortem only (histopath) | No test for live animals as long incubation period only
63
Hypovitaminosis A is associated with what based diets?
Straw or cereal based
64
What is the most obvious clinical signs associated with hypovitaminosis A?
Blindness
65
What is the treatment for hypovitaminosis A? Is the response to treatment usually good?
Daily vitamin A | Yes - response good within 48 hrs, even in fitting animals
66
Cerebellar hypoplasia can be congenital or acquired. What breeds is it congenital in?
Holstein, Guernsey, Shorthorn, Herefrods, Ayrshire
67
Cerebellar hypoplasia can be congenital or acquired. What disease causes acquired cerebellar hypoplasia?
BVD
68
Listeriosis is caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Is it an environmental or contagious pathogen? What is associated with?
Environmental | Poor quality silage, fermentation, soil contamination
69
Listeriosis infection starts in conjunctiva, face and mouth and travels to the brainstem via which nerve?
Trigeminal
70
What affect does listeriosis have on the CNS?
Causes micro abscesses In brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord May progress to meningioencephalitis
71
What are some classic clinical signs of listeriosis?
Protruding tongue Facial paralysis - 3rd eyelid prolapse Ptosis, drooping of ear on one side Loss of lip/cheek muscle town - difficulty eating, saliva
72
How is listeriosis commonly treated?
Remove underlying cause (silage) High doses of penicillin or oxytetracycline
73
Spinal factures are most common in what age calves?
3-6 months old
74
What are spinal abscesses usually secondary to in cattle?
Osteomyleitis of vertebrae
75
Give examples of possible bacteria that may be present in a spinal abscess
Arcanobacterium progenies Staph aureus Pasteruella haemolytica Fusobacterium necrophorum
76
Spastic paresis is most often seen in what muscle group?
Extensor muscles of the hindlimbs
77
What age cows are usually affected by spastic paresis?
Calves - few weeks to 6 months old
78
What are the clinical signs of spastic paresis in cattle?
Asymmetric spasticity Hypertonia of extensor HL muscles (continuous when standing, not when laying down) extended hock XS tone of gastrocnemius Walking with pendulum motion
79
How is spastic paresis treated?
Neurectomy of tibial nerve rootlets innervating gastrocnemius If bilateral leave 6-10 wks between surgeries
80
What causes tetanus in cattle?
Exotoxins produced by Clostridium tetani | Spores enter wounds
81
What are the clinical signs of tetanus in cattle?
Extended head posture Extensive facial tone Stiff, raised tail Legs rigidly extended
82
How is tetanus prevented and treated?
Prevented by vaccination | Tx: antitoxin (if early), high doses of penicillin, muscle relaxants?
83
Botulism (Clostridium botulinum) is often associated with what?
Poultry waste/litter/carcasses | In pasture or feed
84
What are the clinical signs of botulism?
Anorexia, mydriasis Xs drooling, drooping tongue Ruminal bloat and decrease mobility Respiratory failure - death
85
What is the prognosis of botulism in cattle? How is it treated?
Prognosis poor - may recover if caught early | Supportive Tx, purgatives to remove toxins, fluids
86
What nerve is commonly damaged by XS foetal pressure following dystocia (especially in heifers)?
Obturator nerve
87
What is the main clinical signs of obturator neuropathies in cattle? How is this treated?
Unable to adduct limbs - splits | treatment with chained HLs, soft bedding, corticosteroids
88
What nerve is commonly damaged due to a falling or recumbent cow?
Perineal branch of sciatic nerve or sciatic nerve | Self-cures, cast-fetlock to prevent self trauma

Neurology (LHW) (2 decks)

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