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NEURO 411 > Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration > Flashcards

Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Flashcards

1
Q

_________________ placed heterotopically in the __________ and into the ___________ of the rabbits survive for prolonged, sometimes indefinite, periods of time.

A

allogeneic skin grafts, anterior chamber of the eye, brains

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2
Q

What is an allogeneic graft?

A

graft derived from a different donor of the SAME SPECIES

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3
Q

What is a syngeneic graft?

A

graft derived from a genetically identical individual (e.g. identical twin)

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4
Q

What is a xenogeneic graft?

A

graft derived from a DIFFERENT SPECIES

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5
Q

What is an autologous graft?

A

graft derived from the SAME INDIVIDUAL

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6
Q

What is a heterotopic graft?

A

graft placed in a NON PHYSIOLOGICAL SITE (e.g. skin transplanted into the brain)

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7
Q

What are some immune privileged sites?

A
  • eye (cornea, anterior chamber, vitreous cavity, subretinal space)
  • brain (ventricles and striatum)
  • pregnant uterus
  • ovary
  • testis
  • adrenal cortex
  • hair follicles
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8
Q

What is the function of the BBB?

A

create resistance to anything coming from the outside

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9
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the adaptive immune system is the first line of defense

A

FALSE: innate is first line

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10
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the adaptive immune system is characterized by memory

A

TRUE

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11
Q

What are the innate immune system cells?

A
  • macrophages
  • neutrophils
  • NK cells
  • mast cells
  • basophils
    -eosinophils
  • dendritic cells
  • microglia
  • astrocytes
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12
Q

What are the adaptive immune system cells?

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • dendritic cells
  • microglia
  • astrocytes
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13
Q

Is CNS inflammation an innate or adaptive response>?

A

innate

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14
Q

What happens to the shape of astrocytes when they are activated?

A

they become narrow (normally wide and flat)

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15
Q

_______________ ______________ is one of the most common and earliest features of nearly all neuroinflammatory disorders.

A

microglial activation

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16
Q

In vitro assays of microglial function have conclusively demonstrated their ability to acquire _____________ or ____________ functions. (What does this mean?)

A

neuroprotective; neurotoxic (i.e. microglia are both pro- and anti-inflammatory)

17
Q

What are the functions of microglia and macrophages within the CNS?

A
  • pruning synapses during development
  • work with complement proteins (label synapses that need to be removed)
  • monitor neuronal activity/environment
  • clean up lesion/dead tissue during pathology
18
Q

What are microglia functions during CNS injury?

A
  • phagocytosis of synapses
  • activate astrocytes
  • remyelination
19
Q

What is the most important step for activating microglia?

A

priming

20
Q

TRUE or FALSE: alert state microglia can become pathological

A

TRUE

21
Q

___________ ____________ keep microglial in a down-regulated state.

A

neuron-glial interactions

22
Q

TRUE or FALSE: younger age promotes alert state of microglia

A

FALSE: promotion of alert state increases with age

23
Q

TRUE or FALSE: While M1 microglia are more anti-inflammatory, M2 are more pro-inflammatory

A

FALSE: M1 is pro, M2 is anti-inflammatory

24
Q

What is the relationship betwen microglial activation and neuronal degeneration?

A

bidirectional (see slide 20 diagram)

25
Q

TRUE or FALSE: thickness of the corpus callosum is increased in MS.

A

FALSE: decreased

26
Q

Is MS a neurodegenerative disease?

A

yes

27
Q

What are the characteristics of a neurodegenerative disease?

A
  • affect specific parts of functional systems in nervous system
  • begin insidiously, after long period of normal function with gradual progression
  • CSF shows minimal changes (mild increase in proteins)
  • imaging shows either no change or only a volumetric reduction (atrophy)
28
Q

TRUE or FALSE: HLA genetic mutation is specific to MS

A

FALSE: connected with immune response in general

29
Q

TRUE or FALSE: in MS, neuronal degeneration from mitochorndrial injury, oxidative stress, and ionic imbalance will continue even WITHOUT inflammation

A

TRUE

30
Q

TRUE or FALSE: MS is a progressive disease

A

TRUE

31
Q

Describe the inside-out hypothesis of neurodegeneration in MS.

A
  • WM pathology: demyelination –> axonal degeneration
  • GM pathology: axonal degeneration –> demyelination (inside out)
  • MS could occur due to one or the other, or both
32
Q

What is the role of autophagy in neurodegeneration?

A

triggers inflammation

33
Q

What is the ER normally responsible for? What does pathology cause?

A
  • normal: synthesis of proteins
  • path: misfolded proteins
34
Q

What are the mechanisms activated in the ER with pathology?

A
  • apoptosis
  • inflammation
35
Q

what are the priming factors fro ER stress in AD? What can these lead to?

A
  • metabolic syndrome
  • depression
  • aging
  • TBI
  • infection
  • can lead to neuroinflammation

NEURO 411 (12 decks)

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