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Neuroinfectious Diseases > Neuroinfectious Diseases Overview > Flashcards

Neuroinfectious Diseases Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What causes neuroinfectious diseases

A

infectious agents, that are not necessarily living organisms

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2
Q

examples of nonliving agents that cause neuroinfectious diseases

A

viruses, prions, toxins

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3
Q

Treatments for neuroinfectious diseases

A

they are broad and diverse
- antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsive medicines

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4
Q

what is the best treatment for neuroinfectious diseases

A

vaccines

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5
Q

Treatments for NID typically focus on what?

A

There are few NID cures, and most treatments focus on treating the symptoms

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6
Q

What are the drivers of poverty

A

NID

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7
Q

Why are there many NID that are neglected

A
  • especially in low income countries, treatments can be too expensive or unavailable
  • this creates a high medical burden
  • also means most are absent from developed nations
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8
Q

Poverty trap cycle

A

low income leads to malnutrition which leads to sickness which leads to inability to work which leads to low income and so forth

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9
Q

NTD

A

Neglected tropical diseases

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10
Q

How do NTD affect the economy and the people?

A
  • > 1.2 billion people affected by NTDs
  • cost countries billions of dollars every year
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11
Q

Do NTDs only occur in tropical regions

A

no

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12
Q

What has been one reason as to why NTDs and IDs are no longer geographically restricted

A

Economic globalization

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13
Q

NTDs that are considered brain diseases (6)

A

1.chagas disease
2. human african trypanosomiasis
3. rabies
4. dengue and chikungunya
5. cysticercosis
6. schistosomiasis

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14
Q

Protozoa NTDs (3)

A
  • chagas disease
  • leishmaniasis
  • human african trypanosomiasis
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15
Q

NTD Viruses (3)

A
  • Rabies
  • Dengue and Chikungunya
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16
Q

NTDs Bacteria (4)

A
  • Buruli Ulcer
  • Leprosy
  • Trachoma
  • Yaws
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17
Q

NTDs Helminth (8)

A
  • Cysticercosis
  • Guinea-worm
  • Echinococcosis
  • Foodborne trematodiases
  • Lymphatic Filariasis
  • Soil-transmitted helminthiases
  • Schistosomiasis
  • River Blindness
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18
Q

POVERTY is both the () and () of ID

A

Cause and Consequence

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19
Q

3 main nomenclature of CNS infections and the area they affect

A
  1. meninges -> meningitis
  2. brain parenchyma -> encephalitis
  3. spinal cord -> myelitis
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20
Q

what type of infection is an abscess or a cyst

A

a focal infection

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21
Q

3 broad ways that pathogens can enter the CNS

A
  1. travelling directly through a cellular monolayer
  2. through infected contiguous tissue
  3. through nerve endings
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22
Q

What are the three ways a pathogen can travel through a cellular monolayer to enter the CNS

A
  1. transcellular route: alien travels through the cell layer
  2. trojan horse (infected leukocytes): alien infects immune cell and piggy backs into the CNS with immune cell detecting it
  3. paracellular route: travels between the cells
23
Q

What type of pathogens like to enter CNS by infecting contiguous tissue?

A

parasites and large pathogens, some bacteria as well

24
Q

How do pathogens enter CNS by infecting contiguous cells?

A

pathogen lyses (or breaks open) the cell to gain access to its neighboring cell and continues the process with the next cell until it enters CNS
- aka forces its way in

25
Q

What is lysis

A

the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane

26
Q

Nerve hopping

A

another name for pathogens that enter CNS through nerve endings

27
Q

What pathogens like to infect CNS through nerve endings

A

commonly seen in viruses

28
Q

How do pathogens enter CNS through nerve endings

A

The pathogen will hijack secreted vesicles in synapses and make their way retrograde (into CNS)

29
Q

Symptoms of Meningeal involvement in an infection (6)

A
  • headache
  • fever
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • neck pain (stiff neck)
  • reflex impairment
30
Q

How are all the meningeal involved symptoms related

A

all symptoms are related to the increase in intracranial pressure

31
Q

CSF Analysis for Meningeal related infections

A
  • high number of leukocytes, mainly polymorphonucleated cells
  • high protein
  • very low glucose
  • high lactate
32
Q

Symptoms indicated a parenchymal infection (6)

A
  • headache
  • fever
  • impairment of senses (go blind, deaf)
  • impairment of consciousness
  • psychological changes
  • focal neurologic deficits
33
Q

How are all the parenchymal involved symptoms related

A

symptoms are related to what area of the brain is affected

34
Q

CSF Analysis for Parenchymal related infection

A
  • high number of leukocytes, mainly mononucleated cells
  • high protein
  • normal glucose
  • normal to high lactate
35
Q

How can the presence of a pathogen be confirmed for a suspected parenchymal infection

A

presence of pathogen can usually be seen on brain scan

36
Q

Symptoms of Spinal Cord involvement in infection (5)

A
  • back pain
  • muscle pain
  • partial paralysis
  • lower limbs paralysis
  • motor movement impairment
37
Q

How are all the spinal cord involved symptoms related

A

symptoms are related to an interruption of communication bw CNS and PNS

38
Q

CSF analysis of Spinal cord involved infection

A
  • inflammatory markers
  • immune cell population depends on pathogen
  • normal glucose
  • normal protein
39
Q

What must be done to confirm spinal cord involvement in an infection

A

neuroimaging study

40
Q

Spinal cord involvement is almost always in conjunction with what two things?

A

meningitis or encephalitis

41
Q

What is the glasgow coma scale and how is it helpful

A
  • scale that categorizes consciousness impairment into normal, somnolence, stupor, and coma
  • helpful in clinical setting because it identifies possible causes associated with each category
42
Q

What are pathogens restricted by

A

the way they cause infections

43
Q

Most bacterial infections can only cause …?

A

meningitis

44
Q

What does the route the pathogen uses to enter determine?

A

what area of the brain will be affected

45
Q

How is pasmodium unique

A

it does not enter CNS and instead obstructs brain microvessels

46
Q

CSF analysis for a viral encephalitis infection

A
  • clear appearance
  • high protein
  • normal glucose
  • high lactate
  • high MNCs WBC count
  • negative gram stain/microscopic visualization
47
Q

CSF analysis for Bacterial meningitis infection

A
  • turbid appearance
  • high protein
  • low glucose
  • high lactate
  • high PMNCs WBC count
  • positive gram stain/microscopic visualization
48
Q

CSF analysis for a fungal brain abscess infection

A
  • clear appearance
  • normal protein
  • normal glucose
  • normal lactate
  • high MNCs WBC count
  • negative gram stain/microscopic visualization
49
Q

True Pathogen

A

infectious agent that causes disease in virtually any suspectable host

50
Q

Opportunistic Pathogen

A

potentially infectious agents that rarely cause disease in individuals with healthy immune systems

51
Q

epidemic

A

unexpected increase in number of disease cases in a specific geographical area

52
Q

endemic

A

disease outbreak is endemic when it is consistently present but limited to a particular region

53
Q

example of an endemic

A

malaria

Neuroinfectious Diseases (8 decks)

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