Neuroimmunomodulation

Question 1

Neuroimmunomodulation strategy

Answer 1

Focus on enhancing ability of the host, not the pathogen

• Cannot accurately predict how cells will act, b/c denervated cells act different than when they are innervated.

Question 2

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patters (PAMPa)

Answer 2

• Molecules commonly seen in pathogens but not the host
• Includes pattern recognition receptors (TLR)

Question 3

Opsonins

Answer 3

Molecules that prepare a target for being eaten

Question 4

Presentation done via

Answer 4

• MHC I = endogenous
• MHC II = exogenous

Question 5

Complement System

Answer 5

The poor man’s antibodies that mark targets for being eaten by phagocytes

• Chemical signals to attract phagocytes
• make Membrane Attack Complexes (MACs) which pole holes in target

Question 6

commo methods of Nervous, Immune, Endocrine systems

Answer 6

The commonality among the systems is IMFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

• Nervous = neuropeptides
• Immune = cytokines
• Endocrine = hormones

Question 7

Cytokine Theory of Disease

Answer 7

Health requires that cytokine production is balanced. Low levels are required to maintain homeostasis. Overproduction causes diseases

Question 8

Cytokines

Answer 8

small proteins used for cell signaling by Immune system that include: “CLIIT”

• Chemokines
• Lymphokines = made my lymphocytes
• Interferons = made by host cells and interfere with pathogen
• Interleukins = first noticed by WBCs
• TNF = causes cell death

Question 9

Factors that maintain homeostasis

Answer 9

• Humoral factors (glucocorticoids, anti-inflammatory cytokines)
• Cellular factors (regulatory T cells, alternatively activated macrophage)

Question 10

Components of Neural Reflexes

Answer 10

• Sensory neurons: respond to stimuli
• Interneurons: relay stations
• Motor neurons: transmit information from CNS to periphery

Question 11

Steps of Neural Reflex

Answer 11

1. Sense pathogenic molecule, cytokines, etc
2. Brainstem nuclei relay stimulation to efferent response
3. Efferent response to principal organs of immune system

Question 12

Vagal nerve stimulation

Answer 12

• Stimulation cause Vagus nerve to release acetylcholine unto Splenic Nerve
• splenic nerve and releases Norepinephrine unto Choline Acetyl Transferase (ChAT)
• ChAT releases more acetylcholine
• End result = decreases release of antibodies thus decreases allergic response

Question 13

α7 nAChR (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor)

Answer 13

significantly inhibits cytokine release in macrophages, which are activated by exposure pathogenic product

• All APCS, B cells and T cells, and microglia have these receptors
• end result = decreases release of antibodies thus decreases allergic response

Question 14

Action of α7 nAChR causes

Answer 14

• Inhibits cytokine release (TNF, NFkB, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, PGE-2)
• Decreases microbial killing
• Inhibits degranulation and food allergy
• Inhibits migration and antibody release

Question 15

Pre/Post ganglionic neurotransmitters released in ANS

Answer 15

Preganglion: both SNS and PNS release ACh Postganglionic:

• SNS releases NE
• PSN release ACh

Question 16

Adrenergic Receptors

Answer 16

adrenaline (Norepinephrine) binding receptors that include:

• Alpha receptors
• Beta receptors

Question 17

Acetylcholine receptors

Answer 17

• Muscarinic: G protein complexes stimulated by cholinergic neurons in SNS and PNS. (example Sweat Glands)
• Nicotinic: Ligand gated ion channels in synapse between Pre/Post ganglionic neurons in SNS and

Question 18

Muscarinic receptors

Answer 18

G protein complexes stimulated by cholinergic neurons in SNS and PNS. (example Sweat Glands

Question 19

Nicotinic receptors

Answer 19

Ligand gated ion channels in synapse between Pre/Post ganglionic neurons in SNS and PNS

Question 20

Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors

Answer 20

• Bind acetylcholine and then change shape
• Forms an ion pore (allow Ca2+ and/or Na+ to flow through)

Question 21

Migration within secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 21

controlled by neural signals, thus antibody secretions is within neuronal control

Question 22

Relationship between cytokine level and disease

Answer 22

positive correlation between amount of cytokines released, and severity of disease (eventually death)

Question 23

Heart rate variability (HRV)

Answer 23

is dependent upon balanced within the autonomic nervous system (SNS vs PNS).

• Increase HRV = increased PNS tone, because PNS wears off faster than SNS, thus continuous PNS stimulation is required
• Chiropractic care significantly improves HRV, my influencing ANS output to the heart.

Question 24

Heart rate variability relationship with prognosis

Answer 24

heart rate variability is inversely correlated with risk of poor prognosis in cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia.

• HRV is positively correlated with, longevity in cancer, better cognitive performance in Alzheimer’s disease

Question 25

Chiropractic effect on heart rate variability

Answer 25

chiropractic significantly improves HRV

• influences ANS output to the heart
• adjusting lumbar seems to affect lumbar PNS output
• cervical adjustment may affect PNS