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BIOL2052 > Neurohistology > Flashcards

Neurohistology Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurons?

A
  • Excitable cells
  • Long cytoplasmic extensions specialised for reception of stimuli and conduction of a nerve impulse
  • Do not undergo cell division and replication
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2
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Receive information from adjacent axons.

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3
Q

What is the function of axons?

A

Send information from one end of the neuron to the other (faster if myelinated)

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4
Q

Where are signals from the cell soma summated?

A

Axon Hillock

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5
Q

What is the function of the axon hillock?

A

-Considered as the ‘trigger zone’ which must reach threshold potential to achieve an action potential.

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6
Q

What are rich in voltage-gated Na+ channels?

A

Axon Hillock and Axon Initial segment (AIS)

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7
Q

When does myelin start?

A

After Axon Initial Segment (AIS)

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8
Q

What makes a neuron multipolar?

A

Dendrites
Nucleus
Cell Body
Axon + Axon terminal

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9
Q

What stain used for dendrites?

A

MAP2- Microtubule Associated Protein

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10
Q

What stain is used to identify axons?

A

BetaIV Spectrin

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11
Q

What is the function of motor neurons?

A

Relay commands from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.

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12
Q

Multipolar neurons- Golgi stains shows..

A

Spiny Dendrites

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13
Q

Where are multipolar motor neurons in the spinal cord found?

A

Ventral horn of the spinal cord

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14
Q

Multipolar motor neurons in the spinal cord display..

A

Large pale staining nucleus and a prominent nucleolus and nissl bodies.

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15
Q

What does Nissl stain show in multipolar neurons?

A

Stain rough endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes important in protein synthesis
Largely absent in axons - axons cannot regenerate

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16
Q

Sensory neurons are excited by…

A

Specific Stimuli

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17
Q

What is ganglia?

A

Aggregations of nerve cells (ganglion cells) outside the CNS

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18
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglia are surrounded..

A

by connective tissue capsule, which continuous with the peripheral nerve

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19
Q

What are individual ganglion cells surrounded by?

A

A layer of flattened satellite (fibroblast) cells

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20
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

Integrate information from sensory to motor neurons

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21
Q

The cerebral cortex is also known as?

A

The Neocortex

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22
Q

The cerebral cortex is divided into how many layers?

A

6 layers each housing neurons

whose morphology is characteristic of that layer

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23
Q

What are the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex?

A 
1- Molecular layer
2-External Granular Layer
3-External Pyramidal Layer
4-Internal Granular Layer
5-Internl Pyramidal Layer
6-Multiform Layer
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24
Q

What neurons found in layer 4 of the Cerebral Cortex?

A

Internal Granular Layer - Granule (stellate) neurons

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25
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex?

A

your brain’s outermost layer of nerve cell tissue

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26
Q

In the cerebral cortex deep to the grey matter is white matter composed of …

A

Myelinated Fibres

27
Q

How many layers does the cerebellar cortex have?

A

Three layers within the gray matter

28
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Outer Molecular Layer
A single layer of Purkinje Cells
A Granular Layer

29
Q

What cells are found in the granular layer?

A 
Granule cells (most abundant neuron in brain) 
Golgi Cells
30
Q

What cells found Purkinje layer?

A

Purkinje cells

31
Q

What cells found in the outer molecular layer?

A

Basket cells, stellate cells

32
Q

What are the largest cells in the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje Neurons

33
Q

What is the structure of Purkinje Cells?

A

Pear- shaped cell bodies

distinctive dendritic tree in the molecular layer

34
Q

What the smallest cell type?

A

Granule cells

35
Q

What is the function of Purkinje fibres in the cerebellum?

A

Receive afferent information

36
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Cells function in the metabolism and support of neurons

37
Q

What type of neuoglia is found in CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Microglia

38
Q

What type of Neuroglia is found in PNS?

A

Schwann Cells

Satellite cells

39
Q

What neuroglia have myelin sheath around axons?

A

Schwann Cells -PNS

Oligodendrocytes -CNS

40
Q

What is the function of Astrocytes?

A

Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons

41
Q

What the different types of Astrocytes?

A

Fibrous - in white matter
Protoplasmic - in gray matter
Muller glia - In retina
Radial Glia - specialised cells in developing CNS

42
Q

Astrocytes help form…

A

Blood brain barrier

43
Q

How to do astrocytes help form blood brain barrier?

A

Form glial- limiting membrane around blood vessels and along CNS surface

44
Q

What is the barrier composed of?

A

Endothelial cells joined by tight junctions

45
Q

What is the integrity of the blood barrier highly dependent on?

A

Astrocyte ‘end feet’

46
Q

Diffusion of what solutes is prevents in blood-brain barrier?

A

O2
CO2
Lipid Soluble molecules (hormones)
>500 daltons MV not permissible

47
Q

What cells serves an immune function within the CNS?

A

Microglia

48
Q

How do microglia function?

A

Able to phagocytose cell debris in response to injury

49
Q

How do microglia exist?

A

Resident Microglia

50
Q

When does microglia get activated?

A

Upon CNS damage and actively move towards sites of injury

51
Q

What to microglia release in its immune response?

A

Cytokines

help and hinder recovery

52
Q

What neuron forms myelin sheath around CNS axons?

A

Oligodendrocytes

53
Q

What is the difference in myelination between Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes?

A

Schwann cells myelinate one axon

Oligodendrocytes myelinate several axon

54
Q

What diseases affect oligodendrocytes?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

Leukodystrophies

55
Q

What is one of the last cell type to form during development?

A

Oligodendrocytes

56
Q

What cell forms myelin sheath around PNS axons?

A

Schwann Cells

57
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Key role in the organisation of connective tissue sheaths around peripheral nerves during development and regeneration

58
Q

What percentage lipid in myelin?

A

80%

59
Q

What does myelin provide?

A

Insulation

Enhanced conduction velocity for action potentials (saltatory conduction)

60
Q

What type of conduction does unmyelinated axons have?

A

Continuous Conduction of action potentials due to passive current flow (low conduction)

61
Q

What are examples of unmyelinated axons?

A

Sensory Fibres carrying pain, temperature, itch

62
Q

In CNS, unmyelinated axons are not associated with…

A

Glial Cells

63
Q

PNS: Schwann cells ‘……………..’ unmyelinated axons contacting…………

A

envelope

1 or more axons

BIOL2052 (2 decks)

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