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Organic Disorders > Neurogenic Speech Disorders > Flashcards

Neurogenic Speech Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Neurogenic Speech Disorders

Causes of Neurogenic Speech Disorders

A

Cerebral Palsy
The Dysarthrias
Apraxia of Speech

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2
Q

Related to problems of movement can affect all speech processes

A

 *Planning
 *Coordination
 *Timing
 *Execution
Heterogeneous group of disorders.

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3
Q

Common causes

A

Common causes  *Stroke
 *TBI
 *Anoxia
 *Brain Tumors  *Infections
 *Toxins
 *Diseases
 Speech may vary widely

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4
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Nonprogressive neurological difficulty
 Brain injury early in fetal or infant
development
 Affects
 *Movement, communication, development, locomotion, learning and sensation
 Over 500,000 individuals in the U.S. have CP
 30-90% also have dysarthria

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5
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Hemiplegia: one side of the body, the right or left is paralyzed

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6
Q

Paraplegia

A

 Paraplegia: only the legs and lower trunk are paralyzed

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7
Q

Monoplegia

A

Monoplegia: only one limb or a part thereof is paralyzed

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8
Q

Diplegia

A

Diplegia: either the two leg or the two arms are parlayzed

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9
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Quadriplegia (all four limbs are paralzed

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10
Q

Types of cerebral palsy

A

Spastic=-Hypertonia

Athetoid =Dyskinesia

Ataxic = Ataxia

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11
Q

Spastic

A

Spastic
-Hypertonia
-Movement is jerky, labored, slow
-Infantile Reflex patterns
-Motor cortex and/or pyramidal tract

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12
Q

Athetoid

A

Athetoid
-Dyskinesia
-Slow, involuntary writhing -Infantile Reflex patterns -Extrapyramidal tract, basal ganglia

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13
Q

Ataxic

A

Ataxic
-Ataxia
-Uncoordinated and disturbed balance
-Movements lack direction, adequate force and rate, direction control. -Injury to cerebellum

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14
Q

Motor Speech Problems with cerebral palsy

A

Motor Speech Problems
 *All aspects of speech may be affected
 *Swallowing/breathing affected
 *Voice quality reflects hypotonia
 *Resonance is hypernasal
 *Articulation may be extremely difficult, possibly unintelligible
 *Prosody monotonous, choppy, or non-fluent
 *Additional complications
 –Intellectual, auditory, processing, language impairments

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15
Q

Lifespan issues with cerebral palsy

A

 Early Symptoms
 *Irritability, weak crying/sucking, excessive sleeping, little interest in surroundings, persistence of primitive reflexes
 *Motor delays are often the first sign
 *Usually receive early intervention
 -Focus on movement and communication
 *Important to assess cognition
 *May obtain higher education and hold employment
 *May work or learn in special programs

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16
Q

Assessment for cerebral palsy

A

 *TEAM
 *Pediatrician
 *Neurologist
 *PhysicalTherapist
 *Otolaryngologist
 *Speech-Language-Pathologist
 *OccupationalTherapist
 Thoroughly assess oral mechanism and potential for AAC
 Electropalatograph (EPG)

17
Q

Intervention for cerebral palsy

A

Speech and language training
 Systems approach
 Prosthetic devices/intraoral surgery
 Electopalatograph
 AAC
 Work with Physical Therapist to facilitate movement patterns
 Consult with parents about expectations

18
Q

The dysarthrias

A

A group of neuromuscular impairments that affect speed, range, direction, strength, and timing of motor speech movements.
*Result of paralysis, weakness, discoordination All speech processes may be affected
Motor movements
*Sloworrapid *Decreasedrangeofstrength *Poordirectionalityorcoordination
Intelligibility most affected by involvement of jaw, tongue, lips and soft palate

19
Q

Types of Dysarthrias and Associated Etiologies

A

Types of Dysarthrias and Associated Etiologies
 *Different types result from lesion location within the CNS
 Flaccid
 Spastic
 Ataxic
 Hyperkinetic
 Hypokinetic

20
Q

Flaccid Dysarthria

A

Hypotonia
Lesions in cranial/spinal nerves,
muscle unit
Reduced vital capacity, shallow breathing, breathy voice, aphonia
 *Bulbar Palsy
 *Myasthenia Gravis
 *Muscular Dystrophy

21
Q

Spastic dysarthria

A

Results of lesions in lower brain  Bilateral lesions are more severe Speech characteristics
 *Slow and jerky, imprecise articulation, reduced rapid alternating speech
Pseudobulbar palsy

22
Q

Ataxic dysarthria

A

 Damage to cerebellum
 Result of breakdown in motor organization
and control
 Affects accuracy, timing and direction
 Speech Characteristics
 *Shift in Fo, variability in moving between speech sounds, energy varies across syllables, respiration poorly coordinated, voicing/articulation imprecise

23
Q

Hyperkinetic

A

Lesions in lower and mid brain Tremors, tics
Inaccurate articulation
 Types
 *Dystonia
Chorea Huntington Chorea

24
Q

Hypokinetic

A

Lesions of mid and lower brain Decrease or lack of
appropriate movement Muscles become rigid and stiff  Example:
 Parkinson’sDisease

25
Q

Mixed dysarthria

A

Symptoms or areas of brain that cross several dysarthrias
Diffuse brain damage
*Degenerative disorders, toxins, metabolic disorders, stroke, trauma, tumors, infectious disease
Example
*Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

26
Q

Lifespan issues

A

Acquired dysarthria mostly occurs in adults
 Even slight speech imperfection can cause embarrassment
 Reduced social interaction
 Progressive disorders
 *May be unable to care for themselves
 AAC

27
Q

Assessment for dysarthria

A

 Purpose of Evaluation
 *Determine if there is significant long-term
 *Describe impairment
 *Identify functions not impaired
 *Establish goals and baseline for intervention
 *Form prognosis
 Oral Peripheral Exam and samples of speech in several contexts
 Range, speed, and direction of oral movement
 Standard Assessment

28
Q

Intervention for dysarthria

A

Evidenced-based practice does not support non-speech oral motor treatments
 Intervention may include
 *Drill, progressively complex tasks, feedback
 Exercises for respiration and hypernasality
 LSVT for Parkinson’s disease
 Speech and non-speech movements respond differently to neurosurgical, genetic, pharmacological intervention

29
Q

Apraxia

A

 Disorder in voluntary motor placement/sequencing, unrelated to weakness, slowness, paralysis
 Oral Apraxia
 Apraxia of Speech
 *Problem of speech-sound articulation and prosody or rhythm
 *Groping attempts and great variability
 *Repeated attempts to correct errors
 *Complex, long words are difficult
 *Children can exhibit developmental apraxia of speech

30
Q

Etiology for apraxia

A

Lesion of the central programming area for speech
 Broca’s area
 * Details and plans speech motor
movements
 Most common causes
 *Stroke
 *Degenerative Disease
 *Trauma

31
Q

Assessment apraxia

A

 Important aspects of assessment
 *Imitation of single words of varying length
 *Sentence Imitation
 *Reading aloud
 *Spontaneous speech
 Rapid repetition of “puh”, “tuh”, “kuh” and “put-tuh-kuh”
 Perform better with auditory-visual stimuli

32
Q

Intervation for apraxia

A

Attempt to increase muscle tone and strength
 Sensory bombardment
 Imitation, simultaneous production, spontaneous speech
 AAC
 Electromagnetic articulography
 Decrease speech rate
 Frequently used phrases are practiced and incorporated in verbal repertoire

Organic Disorders (6 decks)

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