Neurogenic Midterm Flashcards
Aphasia
Acquired language impairment resulting from a focal brain lesion in the absence of other cognitive, motor, and sensory impairments. Breakdown in specific language domains resulting from a focal lesion. Receptive and expressive & multimodal.
Right Hemisphere Syndrome
Difficult to detect and diagnose but broadly is considered a communication disorder resulting from damage to the right hemisphere that affects the nonlinguistic aspects of communication with relatively intact communicative abilities.
Effects of Right Hemisphere Syndrome
- prosody
- discourse production and comprehension
- pragmatics
- emotional and nonverbal communication
- figurative and implied meanings
- theory of mind
- comprehension and production of humor
- visual spatial aspects of reading and writing
- executive functioning (planning, organization, problem solving, time management)
left and right visual primary
see the object first
left and right visual secondary
recognize the object; have a visual memory of it
auditory primary (temporal lobe)
hear others, hear yourself, connect the visual memory with the auditory memory of it
left and right parietal lobe
thought, academic memories
angular gyrus or temporal/occipital/parietal junction
tertiary area and translator of thought into components responsible for language, sight into language, touch into language, hearing into language, and emotions into language. Translates one modality to the next.
Wernicke’s area (left secondary auditory cortex)
auditory memories for words, word forms, connect to visual memory/auditory memory and name it.
right analogous area to Wernicke’s
auditory memories for intonation forms such as rising intonation for questions in English
Broca’s area
motor patterns for speech sounds and words, syntax. A pattern generator.
right analogous to Broca’s
motor patterns for intonation aspects of speech signal
motor cortex
left and right-from it arise Upper Motor Neurons
limbic system
emotional memories, emotional words (e.g., cursing), emotional aspects of speech signal and overall communication, emotion comes out in speech, emotional state also affects how you receive information.
Broca’s aphasia
lesions in Broca’s area. apraxia, halted and effortful speech without syntax. They recognize their errors, but they can’t find the right words and the right motor patterns to say what they want. Sometimes called an “expressive aphasia” but we shouldn’t call it that. COMPREHENSION RELATIVELY INTACT.
Wernicke’s aphasia
lesions in Wernicke’s area. IMPAIRED COMPREHENSION. can’t “make a match” between the sounds and the words. They don’t recognize their own errors. They think they are saying and hearing the right thing, but then the sounds and words become errored on producing the patterns to send to the motor strip when turning the sounds into words. sometimes called “receptive aphasia,” but we shouldn’t.
Conduction aphasia
damage of the articulate fasciculous between Broca and Wernicke. Can’t imitate speech, but do better if they think of it themselves
Global aphasia
Broca’s, Wernicke’s, and conduction aphasia. caused by a very large stroke because it affects all the other areas.
Anomic aphasia
word finding problems. no apraxia, good syntax. can me caused by damage in any of the language-oriented areas.
Transcortical aphasia (sensory)
damage between Wernicke’s and angular gyrus. impaired comprehension. can repeat and recognize phonemic patterns, but can’t understand meaning besides very basic stuff.
transcortical aphasia (motor)
damage in front of Broca’s; connection between Broca’s and motor strip. don’t talk much, but correct when they do. has to do with initiation of speech. intact language and comprehension, have thoughts they don’t say because part of brain that tells you to talk is permanently inhibited. rare
transcortical mixed
mix of transcortical motor and transcortical sensory. have 2 strokes, one right outside Broca’s and one outside Wernicke’s. don’t talk or understand much but they can repeat. mix of transcortical motor and sensory
mixed aphasia
most common because brain damage usually doesn’t just stay in one small area
subcortical
damage in the thalamus area. often transient
phonemic paraphasia
less than half of target sounds are in error (i.e., top, bop)
semantic paraphasia
the word you say is an actual word, but not the word you intended to say
related=”boy” for “girl”
unrelated=”car” for “girl”
BUT keep in mind, sometimes may seem unrelated but may be related to them. i.e., if they say “red” for “car” may be because they have a red car.
anomia
difficulty finding a word. ubiquitous among all types of aphasia. word finding problems, loss of fluidity in speech. tip of tongue phenomenon; might provide a description of the word.
stereotypes
can only say one word form (i.e., saying “four” for everything) singing may help this.
perseveration
stuck on one response (say the same response they just said for the last question) can be verbal, thought, or an action (i.e., crumbling paper); the individual’s brain has captured a behavior and cannot move onto the next.
undifferentiated jargon
one sound form that stays for the whole length of the utterance. usually right after a stroke (la la la)
