Neuroendocrine System

Question 1

What two types of hormones are there?

Answer 1

1. Water-soluble (Hydrophilic)

2. Lipid-soluble (Hydrophobic)

Question 2

Give a general example of Hydrophilic hormones

Answer 2

1. Amines (modified amino acids)
2. Neuropeptides
3. Eicosanoids

Question 3

Give a general example of Hydrophobic hormones

Answer 3

1. Steroid hormones

2. Thyroid hormones (T3, T4)

Question 4

Why can’t hydrophobic hormones be packaged in vesicles, like the hydrophilic ones?

Answer 4

Because they diffuse through the membrane since they are hydrophobic

Question 5

How are hydrophobic hormones transported?

Answer 5

With carrier proteins (Albumin is important)

Question 6

What kind of receptors do hydrophobic and hydrophilic hormones bind?

Answer 6

Hydrophilic hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane while Hydrophobic hormones bind to intracellular receptors

Question 7

What happens in the cell after an intracellular receptor is activated by a hormone?

Answer 7

The created complex travels to the nucleus to alter gene transcription

Question 8

Why are steroid hormones more important in the CNS?

Answer 8

They can easily cross the BBB

Question 9

What are the functions of the Hypothalamus?

Answer 9

1. Maintains homeostasis (Blood pressure, metabolism, and body temp)
2. Regulates stress response
3. Regulates mating behavior
4. Regulates Circadian Rhythm

Question 10

How does the Hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 10

It sends a message through stalks that is released down in the venous system of the posterior pituitary

Question 11

What two hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

Answer 11

1. Oxytocin (affection and lactation)

2. Vasopressin (regulates blood pressure)

Question 12

How does the Hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

Answer 12

It secretes hormones that activate the glands in the anterior pituitary to produce other hormones (Release Hormones -> real hormones)

Question 13

What is the HPA axis?

Answer 13

Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis. It is responsible for the stress response and Circadian Rhythm

Question 14

Describe the hormones important in the HPA axis.

Answer 14

1. CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone - made by the hypothalamus)
2. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone - made by the anterior pituitary in response to CRH)
3. Cortisol (glucocorticoids) in response to ACTH

Question 15

What are the tissues important for the HPA axis?

Answer 15

1. Hypothalamus (secretory cells that secrete CRH)
2. Anterior Pituitary (secrete ACTH)
3. Adrenal Cortex and Zona Fasiculata release glucocorticoids

Question 16

What hormones does the adrenal gland release?

Answer 16

The outer part (cortex and zona fasiculata) produce corticosteroids while the inner part (medulla) produces Catecholamines (NA and ADR)

Question 17

What is another name for the Sympathetic Nervous system?

Answer 17

Fight-or-flight

Question 18

What is another name for the Parasympathetic Nervous system?

Answer 18

Rest-and-digest

Question 19

What is the SAM axis?

Answer 19

Sympathetic Adrenergic Medulla Axis - This is faster than the HPA axis, but the HPA works for a longer time.

Question 20

What two hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

Answer 20

T3 and T4

Question 21

What carrier molecules are used for Thyroid Hormones?

Answer 21

TBG, TTR, and Albumin

Question 22

What is the receptor for the Thyroid hormones and where is it found?

Answer 22

THR and it is found inside the cell

Question 23

What are a few important functions of the Thyroid hormone?

Answer 23

1. Increase Metabolism
2. Increase the activity of the Symp Sys
3. Important for bone growth
4. important for neuronal development

Question 24

What hormones are responsible for partner preferences?

Answer 24

Vasopressin and Oxytocin

Question 25

what effects do gonadal hormones have on the brain?

Answer 25

They stimulate synapse growth, among other functions.