Neuroendocrine/Pituitary Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hypothalamus’ role in the autonomic nervous system?

A

It’s huge!

It integrates informaiton for the control of the endocrine system and does so by controlling the pituitary gland

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior part: adenohypophysis

posterior part: neurohypophysis

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3
Q

What connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus?

A

the median eminence

also called the infundibulum

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4
Q

What two hormeons are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A

vasopressin

oxytocin

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5
Q

What neurons synthesize vasopressin and oxygotcin?

A

the magnocellular neurons of the supraotic and paraventricular nuclei

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6
Q

What is another name for vasopressin?

A

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

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7
Q

What 3 things triggers vasopressin secretion?

A

increased blood osmolarity (so increase in solute)

decreased blood volume (hypovolemia)

hypotension

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8
Q

What is the effect of increased vasopressin secretion?

A
  1. increased water resorption by the kidney (dilutes blood and increases blood volume)
  2. vasoconstriction (increases blood pressure)
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9
Q

What are the stimui for oxytocin secretion?

A

suckling (nursing)

uterine stimulation by a fetus

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10
Q

What are the effects of oxytocin?

A
  1. causes constriciotn of tubules in the breast, causing milk ejection reflex in response to suckling
  2. Uterine contration to aid in delivery
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11
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete? THere’s7….

A
  1. growth hormone
  2. prolactine
  3. thyroid-stimulating hormone
  4. follicle stimulatin ghormone
  5. lutenizing hormone
  6. adrenocorticotropic hormone
  7. beta-endorphin
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12
Q

What are the two somatomammotropins secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

growth hormonea nd prolactin

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13
Q

What is the stimulus for growth hormone release and what is it’s main effect?

A

exercise, stress and sleep (80% released in sleep!)

growth ot tissue and metabolism

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14
Q

What is the stimuli for prolactin release and what is its effect?

A

suckling and stress

development of mammary tissue and lactation (milk production)

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15
Q

What do TSH, FSH, and LH have in common?

A

they are all glycoproteins with carbohydrate moieties

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16
Q

What is the stimulus for thyroid-stimulating hormone secreiton and what is its effect?

A

exposure to cold temperature

causes increased thyroid hormone secretion, leading to increased cellular metabolism and heat production

17
Q

What is the effect of FSH in men and women?

A

men - spermatogenesis

women - development of ovarian follicle

18
Q

What are the affects of lutenizing hormone on men and women?

A

men - REQUIRED for spermatogenesis, stimulates testosterone

women - the trigger for ovulation, stimulates projecterone from the spent follicle

19
Q

What are the three hormones generated from cleavage of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

beta-endorphin

melanocortin

20
Q

what is the stimuli for both adrenocorticotropic hormone and beta-endorphin release?

21
Q

What is the effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

stimulates the release of cortisol form the adrenal cortex

22
Q

What is the effect of beta-endorphin?

A

is acts as an analgesic on the mu opioid receptor

23
Q

What test can be used to clinically assess anteiro rpituitary function?

A

do an insulin stress test

inject insulin, which will cuase blood glucose to go down. This is a stressful thing for the body, so you should see increased secretion of ACTH, Beta-endorphin, prolacting, and growht hormone

24
Q

What neuorns synthesize the hypothalamic releasing hormones?

A

the parvocellular neurons

25
Where do the parvocellular neurons secrete the hypothalamic releasing hormones?
into the primary capillary bed within the median eminence, such that the releasing hormones can flow down to the anterior lobe via the hypophyseal portal vein.
26
What are the 4 excitatory hypothalamic releasing hormones? for TSH? FSH and LH? ACTH and beta-End? GH?
TSH - thyrotropin releasing hormone FSH/LH - gonadotropin releasing hormone ACTH and beta-end - corticotropin releasing hormone GH - growth hormone releasing hormone
27
What hypothalamic releasing hormone decreases GH secretion?
somatostatin
28
What hormone's secretion is inhibited by dopamine from the hypothalamus?
prolactin
29
What hormonal changes would you expect to see after a pituitary stalk section?
increase in prolactin decrease in everything else
30
What hormone is lost in diabetes insipidus? how?
vasopressin you have either head trauma or autoimmune disorders that cause desctruction of the magnocellular neurons
31
What are the two main symptoms of diabetes insipidus and why?
ultimately, you dont have vasopressin, so you don't respond to low blood pressure, hypovolemia or osmolarity in the same way this means you have polyuria - because ou can't retain water polydipsia - because you have to make up for the volume loss somehow
32
How do you treat diabetes insipidus?
you have to have a way to replinish the vasopressin without causing severe vasoconstriciton - you want one that will just act on the kdiney desamino vasopressin
33
An overabundance of what hormone will cause galactorrhea/amenorrhea?
prolactin
34
WHat is the pituitary of galactorrhea - amenorrhea?
a pituitary timor which produces prolactin (usually a microadenoma) this decreases the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
35
What are the treatment options for galactorrhea-amenorrhea?
1. surgery to remove the tumor and thus decrease prolactin 2. give a dopamine receptor agonist like bromocryptine to decrease prolactin release
36