Neuroendocrine Flashcards
1
Q
When a person ages the is decerased __ absorbed via intestines leadng to increased bone resorption which causes osteoporosis and osteopinea
A
Ca2+
2
Q
When someone has acidemia you would sus. (increase/decrease) Ca2+ ionized in blood
A
Increase because of H+ competition of spots on albumin
3
Q
Primary Hypothyroidism: TSH, TRH, and T4
A
1) Decreased T4
2) Increased TSH and TRH
4
Q
1) Where is 25-hydroxylase
2) Function
A
1) Liver
2) Cholecalcifeol -> 25-OH- cholecalciferol
5
Q
Visuospatial Loop contains the ___. what is the function.
A
1) Occipital Cortex
2) Provide/interpret the visual information associated with the memory
6
Q
When there is decreased iodine (T4 or T3) is favored
A
T3
7
Q
____ is the ability to understand the mental states of others and to appreciate how these different from our own
A
Theory of Mind
8
Q
Lab values of Hypoparathyroidism
A
1) Decreased PTH
2) Decreased Vit D.
3) Decreased Ca2+
4) Increased Pi
9
Q
___ provides place and direct contexual information about enviroment in which stimuli is experienced
A
Hippocampus
10
Q
_____ and ____ are important for motor response associated with navigating env. toward desirable cue
A
1) Substantia Nigra
2) Dorsal Stratum
11
Q
Secondary Def. of Cortisol Lab Values
A
1) Decreased Cortisol
2) Incresed CRH
3) Decreased ACTH
12
Q
Sadness is produced via ___
A
Lower sector of anterior cingulate cortex
13
Q
Regulation of Catacholamine Synthesis
A
1) Sympathetic Activity via ACh
2) CRH-ACTH-Cortisol Axis via increasing PNMT
14
Q
Rickets and Osteomalacia are caused via deficit ___ meetabolism
A
Vit D
15
Q
Within follicular cells what enzyme is needed to recycle MIT and DIT?
A
Intrathyroidal Deiodinase
16
Q
Estrogen and Testosterone Promote ___ formation
A
Bone
17
Q
What anatomy structures are involved in Consolidation
A
1) Papz Circuit
2) Temporal Lobes
3) Hippocampis
18
Q
Clinical signs of Pheochromcytoma
A
1) Hypertension
2) Headaches
3) Palpitations
4) Sweating
19
Q
Indicators of Hypocalcemia (2 Signs)
A
1) Chrostek Sign: Twitching of Facial Muscles when tap on Facial nerve
2) Trousseau Sign: Carpopedal Spasms upon infation of BP cuff
20
Q
What is Conns Syndrome
A
Primary Hyperaldosterone
21
Q
T4, TSH, and TRH for Primary Hyperthyroidism
A
1) Increased TH
2) Decreased TSH and TRH
22
Q
Lack of estrogen in females causes ___ which leads to osteoporsis
A
Increased bone resorption
23
Q
Spatial Memory: Place Cells Function and Location
A
1) function: fire when specific place or recalling a specific place
2) Hippocampus
24
Q
Two requirements for Emotional Comprehension
A
1) Core Pathway: Amygdala, Medial Temp. Lobes, Orbitofrontal Areas
2) Acessory Pathways
- Execuative Function
- ** Important in the young
25
Lab Values of Pseudohypoparathyroidis
1) Increased PTH
2) Decreased Vit D
3) Decreased Ca2+
4) Increaed Pi
26
PTH in the Kidney inhibits ____ transporter and this decreases \_\_\_.
1) Na+/ Pi
2) Pi
27
PTH binds to a ____ receptor and increases intracellular \_\_\_.
1) GPCR
2) cAMP
28
Secondary Hyperthyroidism: TSH. TH. TRH
1) Increased TH
2) Increased TSH
3) Decreased TRH
29
Avoidance is produced by \_\_, \_\_, \_\_.
Entorhinal cortex, Dorsal Midbrain, Lateral Posterior hypothalamus
30
\_\_\_ memory is the fact you learned for the test; these are stored in your memory
Declarative
31
Consolidation of memories requires \_\_\_\_
Continued activation of Circuit (Papez Circuit)
32
Thermoregulation: Hypothalmus controls ANS reflexes via sending _____ from the ____ to 3 areas. \_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_.
1) Dorsolongitudinal Fasiciculus
2) Paraventricular Nucleus
3) Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
4) Nucleus Ambiguous
5) Parasympathetic neurons in SC
33
Symptoms of Primary Hyperparathryoidism
Stones, Bones, and Groans
34
Inhibition of Na/Pi is because of the downstream affects of when PTH binds to its receptor in the Kidney ___ tubule. This causes an increase of \_\_\_\_.
1) Proximal Tubule
2) cAMP
35
Lab of Familial Hypocalcuric Hypercalcemia (FHH)
1) Normal or elevated PTH
2) Increased Ca2
3) Decreased Ca2+ in urine
4) Pi normal
5) Vit D normal
36
What is secondary hyperaldosterone caused by
Excessive renin secretion from juxtaglomerular cells
37
\_\_\_ is used to create physiological response to emotion
\_\_ is impotant b/c orders are stong stimuli for emotion
\_\_\_ is tied to pleasure, Digust
\_\_\_ links emotion to memory creation. surrounding regions related to surprise
\_\_\_ Strongly linked with fear and anger
\_\_\_ is higher level control; sadness
Hypothalamus
Olfactory Cortex
Basal ganglia
Hippocampis
Amygdala
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
38
Primary Adrenal Excess Lab values
1) Increased Cortisol
2) Decreased CRH and ACTH
39
Lab values of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
1) Decreased Cortisol
2) Increased ACTH
3) Increased CRH
4) Hyperpigmentaation
40
When we need to decrease metabolism we will convert T3 to its inactive form via ....
Type 3 deiodinase
41
Retrieval requires ____ or using the memory; bringing it into ____ memory; It can also be ___ or ___ at this point.
1) Recalling
2) Working memory
3) Modified or Lost
42
Suprise is priduced via \_\_\_\_
Parahippocampal gyrus (Detecting novelty)
43
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Causes
1) Renal Failure
2) Vitamin D Def.
44
List the 3 systems in dicision making
1) Stimulus Encoding System
2) Action Selection System
3) Expected Reward System
45
What structures are in the mesolimbic system
1) VTA
2) NA
3) Prefrontal Cortex
4) Limbic System
46
T3 leads to increased metabolism. Which product that it upregulates to increase O2 consumption
Na+/K+ ATPase
47
Exophthalmomos is an clinical sign of \_\_\_
Graves Disease
48
Type 2 deiodinase is important for which organ
Brain
49
M-CSF is increased via \_\_\_
PTH
50
What 3 things does reward have?
1) Hedoric Effect of pleasure
2) Motivation to obtain reward b/c of its salience
3) Associated Learning
51
In the kidney, Vit D causes decreased ___ excretion and promotes ____ via promoting synthesis of ___ transporter
1) Pi
2) Resorption
3) NPT2a Transporter (Na/Pi)
52
why is spatial memory important?
Scaffold for reconstruction of entire memory
53
Crushing Syndrome is caused by increased \_\_\_\_
Cholesterol
54
Creating Declarative Memories: Steps-
Encoding, Storage, Consolidation, Retrieval
55
Describe the process of retrieval
1) Memories from storage area -\> Parahippocampal cortex
2) Hippocampus then reconstructs memory
3) Hippocampus -\> Cortex via Parahippocampal region which keeps the trace (Prolonging life)
4) Working Memory where phonological loop and visuospatial loop feed to Central executive
56
Thermoregulation: ____ and ___ nuclei of the hypothalamus detects \_\_\_\_.
1) Supraoptic and preoptic
2) Core temperature
57
\_\_\_\_ promotes behavior consistent with survival of self and the species (Caring for young, eating food, mating, and exercise)
Pleasure and Hedonia
58
\_\_\_ is the ability to recoginze other peoples emotions
Emotional Comprehension
59
What causes Congenital Hypothyroidism
Untreated postnatal hyperthyroidism
60
Reward and Addiction: The amygdala plays a role in the symptom of \_\_\_\_.
Craving
61
What is postpartum Hypopituitarism
Sheehan Syndrome: Caused by necrosis of pit. gland
62
List two methods to change synaptic functions
1) Post-tetanic potentiation
2) Long-term potentiation (LTP)
63
Type 3 deiodinase produces (active or inactive) T3
Inactive
64
Secondary Pituitary Excess in terms of the cortisol pathway. Lab values
1) Increased Cortisol
2) Decreased CRH
3) Increased ACTH
65
Orbitofrontal Cortex in terms of reward and addiction is important for .....
Poor decision making and impulsive decisions
66
\_\_\_ is important for retreval of fear memories
Amygdala
67
When used short term PTH can cause \_\_\_
Bone Resporption
68
Phonological Loop includes ____ and \_\_\_. Describe the function.
1) Broca and Wernickes area
2) provides/interprets the auditory information associated with the memory
69
Steroid Admin lab values
1) Decreased Cortisol, ACTH, CRH
2) Will have symptoms of excess
70
Scheehan Syndrome is caused by what?
Necrosis of Pituitary Gland
71
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex intems of HOP of emotion
1) Reward Processing
2) Gut-feeling
3) Delayed Gratification ("Top-Down"
72
In LTP, calcium can bind to ___ or ___ in the post-synaptic cell. When it binds to \_\_\_\_, then it increases phosphorylation of ____ receptor and causes increased Na influx in response to EAA. When it binds to ___ it activates NOS and produces \_\_\_, which produces ___ and ___ in the pre-synaptic cell.
1) Calmodulin or Calcineurin
2) Calmodulin
3) AMPA
4) Calcineurin
5) NO
6) Increased cGMP and IIncreased NT release
73
Reward and Addiction: Hippocampus
Lasting memories that is assocated with rewarding feeling with circumstance and enviroment "Condidtioned Association"
74
\_\_\_ is caused by mutant CaSR causing inactivation
Familiual Hypocalceris Hypercalcemia
75
Where is Thyroglobulin Protein synthesized?
Liver
76
List the pattern of recognize Prosody
1) Primary Auditory Corteex: Identification
2) Posterior Superior Aud. Cortex: Joing of information from visual and other corticies give it meaning
3) Frontal Cortex: Judgement of the Prosody
77
Dynorphin binds to ____ opioid receptors on neurons in VTA
Kappa
78
List examples of changes in the structure of neurons interms of plasticity.
1) Gain/loss of synapses
2) Strucural changes in dendrites
3) Structureal changes in soma of neuron
79
Disgust is prduced via ____ and \_\_\_\_. Descrustion of ____ is seen in Huntington Disease
1) Putamen
2) Insular Cortex
3) Insular cortex
80
Place cells recieve input from ___ \_\_\_ \_\_\_
1) Grid cells of entorhinal cortex
2) Head Direction Cells
3) Border Cells
81
Define Dopamine-hypothesis of reward
Inactivation of NA via VTA
82
1) \_\_\_, \_\_, \_\_\_Evaluats evidence available in making decision; They work in the _____ system
2) __ Learns and encodes the subjective value of results and error detection. Its apart of the ___ system.
3) \_\_\_, \_\_\_, \_\_\_, ___ predicts the expected reward and is apart of the _____ system.
4) Explicit Risks relies on \_\_\_\_\_
5) Ambiguous Risks relies on ___ and \_\_\_\_
1) Orbitofrontal Cortex, Ventromedial prefrontal cortex, striatum; Stimulus encoding system
2) Anterior Cingulate Cortex; Action Selection System
3) Basal Ganglia, Amygadala, Insular Cortex, Intraparietal Cortex; Expected Reward System
4) Stimulus Encoding Sys.
5) Expected Reward and Action Selction Reward Sys.
83
Primary Adrenal Excess is known as \_\_\_\_\_.
Cushing Disease
84
Renal Failure Lab Values
1) Increased BUN
2) Increased PTH
3) Decreased Ca2+
4) Decreased Vit D
5) Increased Pi (can't secrete since you know kidneys messed up)
85
\_\_\_ is caused by an inherited autosomal dominant disorder; Gs is defective for PTH in bone and kidney is defective
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
86
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism
Hashimotos Thyroiditis
87
\_\_\_ signals prediction error between expected outcome and actual reward exp.
VTA
88
Lab Values for Parahyperthyroidism
1) Increased PTH
2) Increased Vit D
3) Increased Ca2+
3) Decreased Pi
89
Shivering is caused via what structure
Dorsomedial Posterior Hypothalamus
90
Thermoregulation:Anterior portion of the hypothalamus deals wit ___ while the posterior deals with \_\_\_.
1) Heat
2) Cooling
91
In a lab you might detect ___ in the blood which would lead you to suspect humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.
PTHrP
92
Despite increased FFA and glucose into the plasma there is an overall decrease in ___ with increased TH.
Cholesterol
93
\_\_\_\_ provides visual input that we work with.
Psterior Sector of Superior Temporal Sulcus
94
Anger is produced by the ___ and is suppressed via \_\_\_,\_\_\_,\_\_\_ influences
1) Amygdala
2) Neocortical, Septal, Hypothalamic Influences
95
SKIN: _____ is the precursor of vitamin D and becomes a 25-OH-Cholecalciferol via UV light
Cholecalciferol
96
Secondary Hypothyroidism: TSH. TRH, TH
1) Decreased TH
2) Decreased TSH
3) Increased TRH
97
\_\_ binds and activates same receptors as PTH
PTHrP
98
\_\_\_\_ is recalling a fact for use in a test question, Its similar to short-term memory.
Working Memory
99
PTH cause osteoblasts to upregulate ___ and down regulate \_\_\_
Vit D. cause Osteoblast to upregulate \_\_\_
1) RANKL
2) OPG
3) RANKL
100
Lab Values for Vit D. Def
1) Increased PTH
2) Decreased Vit D
3) Decreased Pi
3) Decreased Ca2+
101
The production of memory and learning requires the induction of ____ and ____ plasticity.
1) Neuronal
2) Synaptic
102
Addisons Disease is ___ adrenal insufficiency
Primary
103
Consolidation Physiology starts with ___ and then is continued with \_\_\_\_. There will also be a creation of new ____ in associated regions of the brain.
1\_ LTP
2) Papez Vircuit
3) Synapses
104
Lab Values of Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy
1) Decreased PTH
2) Increased cAMP in Urine
3) Decreased Pi Blood and Increased Pi Urine
4) Increased Urine in Blood
5) Increased Ca2+ and in urine
6) Decreased Vit D
105
\_\_\_ is characterized via circulating autoantibodies that act on the thyroid to cause hyperthyroidism
Graves
106
The Ventral (anterior) Region of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex does whatinterms of HOP of Emotion?
1) Integration of all sensory and emotional processing
2) Controlling emotional Display (Poker Face vs Crying)
3) Conflict Detection = what new information has the power to change how im feeling
107
Type 1 and 2 deiodinase produces (active or inactive) T3
Active
108
Dopamine-independent reward pathway utilizes ___ opoids
endogenous
109
110
Cingulate Cortex is also important for \_\_\_. This is why you fell emotions after event has passed
After-discharge
111
Causes of Hypoparathyroidism
1) Thyroid Surgery
2) Parathyroid Surgery
112
Working Memory: Central Executive Function and Location
1) Directs/Uses (Deetermines the information)
2) Prefrontal Cortex
113
Recognizing Facial Expressions:
1) ___ and ___ I dentify the face as something special
2) \_\_\_, \_\_, ___ bring in the emtional aspect and allow us to basically identify the emotion
\*\*\* NOTE: ___ directs gaze to triangle (eyes, mouth, and nose) and damage leads to you not methodically scanning the face.
1) Superior Temporal Sulcus
2) Fusiform Gyrus
3) Amygdala, Ant. Cingulate Cortex, and Prefrontal Cortex
4) Amygdala
114
What neurons fire when you explore a new place?
Grid cells of Entorhinal Cortex
115
VTA is stimulated by:
1) Hypothalamus via Orexin
2) Dorsal Tegmental Area via ACh
3) Prefrontal Cortex via EAA
116
In Pseudohypoparathyroidism, ___ is affected in the GPCR system in bone.
Gs
117
PTH increases Ca2+ resorption in the ___ tubule
Distal
