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Neuroembryology > Neuroembryology SDL > Flashcards

Neuroembryology SDL Flashcards

1
Q

this forms the notochord

A

midline axial mesoderm

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2
Q

the notochord induces the overlying ectoderm to form the____

A

neural plate

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3
Q

ectoderm germ layer

A

neural tube & neural crest derivatives; CNS, PNS, sensory epithelium of nose, eye and ear, pituitary gland, mammary glands, epidermis, hair, nails, sweat glands, enamel of teeth, some eye mm

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4
Q

mesoderm germ layer

A

dura mater and connective tissue envestments of peripheral nerves

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5
Q

endoderm germ layer

A

parenchyma of the tonsils, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus

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6
Q

lumen of the notochordal canal transiently connects the amniotic cavity with the yolk sac to form the _____

A

neuroenteric canal

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7
Q

cells in the neural plate constitute the

A

neuroectoderm

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8
Q

separation of the neural tube from the surface ectoderm

A

dysjunction

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9
Q

these cells undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migrate away from the neuroectoderm to enter adjacent embryonic mesoderm

A

neural crest cell

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10
Q

neural crest cell derivatives

A

Schwann cells & glial cells of PNS; DRG; spinal & cranial nerve ganglia; leptomeninges (pia & arachnoid); ANS (simp & parasymp postgang); mesenchyme of pharyngeal arches (connective tissue/bones of the face and skull, dermis of face/neck, thyroid C cells, conotruncal septal heart cells); adrenal medulla cells; pigment cells (melanocytes)

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11
Q

completion of this marks the end of primary neurulation

A

ectoderm fusion (at ends of neural tube); anterior neuropore @ day 25 & posterior @ day 27

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12
Q

coalescence of caudal mass mesenchymal

cells into a rod followed by cavitation to form a tube & fusion with primary neural tube

A

secondary neurulation

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13
Q

levels involved in primary & secondary neurulation

A

C1-S2 & S3-Co (or C1-S1 & S2-Co)

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14
Q

folic acid in pregnancy: how much, when why?

A

400 ug/day; 2 months prior to conception; 70% reduction in NTDs

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15
Q

spina bifida occulta typically occurs in this region & is what type of neurulation defect

A

lower lumbar/upper sacral; secondary neurulation defect

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16
Q

failure of the secondarily formed neural tube to join the neural tube formed from primary neurulation & exs of this

A

secondary neurulation defect; spina bifida occulta, tethered spinal cord, caudal regression syndrome, diastematomyelia

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17
Q

an absence of lamina and spines that occurs in the upper regions of the vertebral column arise from what & cause what condition

A

arise from incomplete fusion of posterior neuropore during primary neurulation; cause spina bifida occulta

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18
Q

total failure of neurulation, no dysjunction; can occur in spinal cord or brain region; most severe NTD

A

rachischisis; craniorachischisis

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19
Q

failure to close anterior neuropore at cranial end of neural tube by day 25 during primary neurulation (C1-S2 level); most of brain doesn’t develop as a result

A

anencephaly

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20
Q

failure of posterior neuropore closure (neural plate caudal to neck is open)

A

myeloschisis

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21
Q

defect in vertebral arches covered by skin & usually doesn’t involve underlying neural tissue; failure to close posterior neuropore on day 27 at caudal end of neural tube during primary neurulation (C1-S2 level but most common at S1-S2); Failure of sclerotome cells to migrate into the region dorsal to the neural tube leading to the absence of vertebral arches in that region

A

spina bifida occulta

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22
Q

defect with protrusion of meninges or neural tissue

A

spina bifida cystica

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23
Q

a fluid-filled sac of meninges protrudes through the defect

A

meningocele

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24
Q

partial failure of posterior neuropore closure; neural tissue & meninges included in the fluid-filled sac protruding through the defect; most severe spina bifida NTD & occurs by day 27

A

myelomeningocele

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25
Q

anterior neuropore defect where brain & meninges protrude through opening in skull; partial failure occurs by day 25

A

encephalocele

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26
Q

persistence of neurenteric canal causes split spinal cord; a secondary neurulation prob

A

Diastematomyelia

27
Q

caudal end of cord fixed by fibrous bands; lipomas (fat pads) often associated w this; a secondary neurulation prob

A

Tethered spinal cord

28
Q

sacral hypoplasia/hypolastic femors (caudal dysgenesis); a secondary neurulation prob

A

Caudal regression syndrome

29
Q

ventral induction defect; failure to form 2 cerebral hemispheres; fails to cleave & remains fused as single midline entity; alcohol & maternal diabetes may be risk factors; shh may be involved; occurs in wks 5-6

A

holoprosencephaly

30
Q

cleft brain; disorder of migration in month 3-5

A

schizencephaly

31
Q

smooth brain ( few gyri); disorder of migration in month 3-5

A

lissencephaly

32
Q

broad gyri (too few gyri); disorder of migration in month 3-5

A

pachygyri

33
Q

small gyri (too many gyri); disorder of migration in month 3-5

A

polygyri

34
Q

Persistence of the neuroenteric canal leads to adhesions that can cause what developmental anomalies?

A

tethered spinal cord, malrotation of gut, neuroenteric fistula, dorsal dermal sinus tracts/cysts, split spinal tract

35
Q

this is formed from the lumen of the notochordal canal to connect the amniotic cavity w the yolk sac

A

neural enteric canal

36
Q

what secretes GFs in primary neurulation?

A

notochord

37
Q

neural crest cells give rise to what of the PNS?

A

DRG & Schwann cells, meninges, sympathetic neuroblasts, mesenchyme of pharyngeal arches

38
Q

NTD risk factors

A
  • Folic acid deficiency (alcoholics, nutritional deficiency)
  • Diabetic mothers
  • Antiepileptic drugs
  • Previous pregnancy with NTDs
  • Hyperthermia (hot tubs)
39
Q

which protein would increase in maternal serum and amniotic fluid in cases of a neural tube defect?

A

alphafetoprotein

40
Q

what induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm?

A

Shh

41
Q

what promotes dorsoventral differentiation of the spinal cord?

A

opposing Shh & BMP concentration gradients

42
Q

what is formed by the alar plate under influence of BMPs?

A

dorsal (sensory) spinal cord

43
Q

what is formed by the basal plate under the influence of Shh?

A

ventral (motor) spinal cord

44
Q

which cells give rise to neuroblasts in the developing spinal cord?

A

neuroepithelial cells in wall of neural tube

45
Q

which cells give rise to the astrocytes and oligodendroglia?

A

gliablasts (pseudostratified layer of neuroepithelial cells in wall of neural tube )

46
Q

what is the function of the radial glia in the developing cerebral cortex?

A

function as scaffolds for neuronal migration & then become astrocytes

47
Q

underlying cause of schizencephaly, lissencephaly, pachygyri or polygyri?

A

disruption of fetal neuronal migration due to various reasons

48
Q

spatial and temporal differences in what genes are important for anterior-posterior axis development, neural tube segmenting, and secondary neurulation?

A

homeobox genes

49
Q

imp for ventral induction

A

Shh

50
Q

Why does maturation of spinal cord proceed in a rostral-caudal direction?

A

FGF secreted in gradient (low rostrally, high caudally) that maintains immaturity of caudal neural progenitor cells

51
Q

This pseudostratified layer gives rise to neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, & then ependymal cells

A

neuroepithelial cells in wall of neural tube

52
Q

What form the mantle layer surrounding the neural tube, “gray matter of the spinal cord”

A

neuroblasts

53
Q

This layer surrounds the neural tube and contains nerve fibers from the neuroblasts in the mantle layer; forms the outmost layer of spinal cord

A

marginal layer

54
Q

Thickening of this layer dorsally forms the alar plate & basal plate

A

mantle layer

55
Q

the alar plate is

A

dorsal horn-sensory

56
Q

the basal plate is

A

ventral horn-motor

57
Q

These primitive nerve cells form a zone around the neuroepithelial layer called the mantle layer, which later forms the gray matter of the spinal cord

A

neuroblasts

58
Q

imp for dorsal induction

A

BMP

59
Q

derived from vascular mesenchyme (mesoderm) when blood vessel grow into nervous system

A

microglial cells

60
Q

derived from neuroepithelial cells after neuroblasts forms

A

glial cells

  1. mantle layer-astrocytes
  2. marginal layer-oligodendrocytes
61
Q

when neuroepithelial cells cease to produce neuroblasts & gliablasts they differentiate into this cell type which lines the central canal of spinal cord

A

ependymal cells

62
Q

these form sensory ganglia (DRG), sympathetic
neuroblasts, Schwann cells, pigment cells,
odontoblasts, meninges, and mesenchyme of the pharyngeal arches

A

neural crest cells

63
Q

herniation of part of cerebellum into foramen magnum is called what & can obstruct the flow of CSF & cause this condition

A

Arnold-Chiari; hydrocephaly

Neuroembryology (1 decks)

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