Neurodysfunction or Neurodiversity & Causes Flashcards
Brain tumor
Latin tumere, to swell;
neoplasm - Greek new + molding ie, formation
mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body
Encapsulated tumor
tumor that grows within its own membrane
Glioma
Greek glia, to glue
brain tumor that develops from glial cells; infiltrating and rapidly growing
Neuroma
Greek nerve + oma, denotes swelling
tumor that grows on nerves or tracts
Meningioma
tumor that grows between the meninges and influence function of brain only by pressure exerted on surrounding tissues
- account for 20% of brain tumors
- all meningiomas are encapsulated tumors and almost all are benign
Infiltrating tumor
tumor that grows diffusely through surrounding tissue
usually malignant
- most common are gliomas
Metastatic tumor
Greek metastatis, to change
tumor that grow from infiltrating cells that are carried to brain by bloodstream from some other part of the body
- account for 10% of brain tumors
- many originate as lung cancers
Stroke
Infarct
Latin in + farcire, to stuff
area of dead or dying tissue produced by stroke
Penumbra
Latin paene, almost + umbra, shadow
dysfunctional area surrounding infarct
- may recover or die in ensuing days
- primary goal of treatment following stroke is to save penumbra
Aphasia
Greek a, not + phanai, speak
language difficulties
Cerebral hemorrage
bleeding in the brain; cerebral blood vessel ruptures, blood seeps into surrounding neural tissue and damages it
- commonly caused by bursting aneurysm
- one of the two types/major causes of stroke
Aneurysm
Greek aneurunein, widen out
pathological balloonlike dilation that forms in wall of an artery at a point where elasticity of artery wall is defective
- can occur in any part of body
- can be congenital (present at birth) or result from exposure to vascular poisons or infection
Cerebral ischema
Greek, iskhein, keep back + haima, blood
disruption of blood supply to an area of the brain
- main causes: thrombosis, embolism, and arteriosclerosis
- brain damage takes time to develop (substantial neuron loss can be detected a day or two later, but usually little evidence of damage right after event)
- one of the two types/major causes of stroke
Thrombosis
Greek thrombos, blood clot
plug called thrombus is formed and blocks blood flow at the site of its formation; may be a blood clot, fat, oil, an air bubble, tumor cells, or any combination thereof
Embolism
Greek emballein, insert
plug called embolus is carried by blood from a larger vessel (where it was formed) to a smaller one (where it becomes lodged); a thrombus that has moved from place of formation
Arteriosclerosis
Greek arteria, artery + sclerosis, hardening disease
walls of blood vessels thicken and channels narrow, usually as result of fat deposits; narrowing can eventually lead to complete blockages of blood vessels
- neurons in certain areas of hippocampus are particularly susceptible
Closed-head traumatic brain injuries
- 50% of people experience at least one TBI in lifetime
- penetration of skull not necessary to cause serious damage
- caution must be taken if blow causes confusion, sensorimotor disturbances, or loss of consciousness
- either contusion or mild TBI
Contusion
bruising of brain; closed-head TBI involving damage to cerebral circulatory system
- internal hemorrhaging → localized collection of blood, ie, bruising in brain
- caused by brain slamming against inside of skull
- blood can accumulate in subdural space: space between dura mater and arachnoid membrane
- frequently appear on side opposite to side of blow - contrecoup (French against a blow) injury
Mild TBI (mTBI)
disturbance of consciousness with no evidence of contusion or structural damage (once called concussion but no longer appropriate → mild TBI is associated with long term damage; concussion is not)
Brain infection
invasion of the brain by microorganisms
- either bacterial or viral
Encephalitis
inflammation caused by brain infection
Bacterial infection
Viral infection
Two types:
- those that have particular affinity for neural tissue (eg, rabies)
- those that attack neural tissue but have no greater affinity for it than for other tissues (eg, mumps and herpes)
involvement of viruses in etiology (cause) of disorders difficult to recognize because of dormant period
