Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

Domains that are impaired by neurodevelopmental disorders.

Answer 1

personal
social
academic
occupational

Question 2

intellectual disability diagnosis requirements

Answer 2

deficits in intellectual functioning (two standard deviations below the mean)
deficits in adaptive functioning (personal independence, social responsibility, one or more activities of daily life in multiple contexts)
onset of deficits during the developmental period

Question 3

intellectual disability specifiers

Answer 3

mild
moderate
severe
profound

Question 4

What domains are the intellectual disability specifiers based on?

Answer 4

adaptive functioning in conceptual, social, and practical domains

Question 5

What percentage of intellectual disability cases is the cause of the disability known?

Answer 5

25-50%

Question 6

In cases with a known etiology, what percentage of intellectual disability cases are due to prenatal factors?

Answer 6

80-85%

Question 7

In cases with a known etiology, what percentage of intellectual disability cases are due to perinatal factors?

Answer 7

5-10%

Question 8

In cases with a known etiology, what percentage of intellectual disability cases are due to postnatal factors?

Answer 8

5-10%

Question 9

Top two most common chromosomal causes of intellectual disability

Answer 9

1. Down’s Syndrome

2. fragile X syndrome

Question 10

Most common preventable prenatal causes of intellectual disability

Answer 10

fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 11

Autism spectrum disorder diagnosis requirements

Answer 11

deficits in social communication and interaction in multiple contexts
restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities (2 of 4 symptoms)
onset of symptoms during early developmental period which causes impairment in social, occupational, or other area of functioning

Question 12

Autism social communication and interaction deficit components

Answer 12

social-emotional reciprocity
nonverbal communicative behaviors
developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships

Question 13

Autism restricted and repetitive behavior symptoms

Answer 13

stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech
insistence on sameness
inflexible adherence to routines
ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior
highly restricted interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus
hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input

Question 14

Autism severity specifiers

Answer 14

level 1: requiring support
level 2: requiring substantial support
level 3: requiring very substantial support

Question 15

associated features of ASD

Answer 15

intellectual impairment
language impairment
self-injury
motor deficits and abnormalities
disruptive/challenging behaviors

Question 16

protective factors for good prognosis of Autism

Answer 16

IQ over 70
functional language skills by age 5
absence of comorbid mental health problems

Question 17

overall prevalence of autism

Answer 17

1% of the population

Question 18

ratio of males vs females diagnosed with autism

Answer 18

4 times more often in males

Question 19

possible etiology of autism

Answer 19

unknown in most cases
genetic
abnormalities in the cerebellum and amygdala
low serotonin synthesis which contributes to abnormal brain development
high blood levels of serotonin

Question 20

autism risk factors

Answer 20

male
family history of ASD
medical conditions such as fragile X or Angelman syndrome
birth before 26 weeks
advanced parental age
exposure to environmental toxins during prenatal development

Question 21

Goals of therapy for autism

Answer 21

minimize core symptoms of the disorder
maximize independence with functional skills
reduce or eliminate behaviors that interfere with functional skills

Question 22

early intensive behavioral intervention for autism

Answer 22

EBT based on applied behavior analysis.
Has the greatest positive impact on intelligence and language acquisition and a smaller and less consistent impact on adaptive skills, social functioning, and severity of core ASD symptoms

Question 23

medications for Autism

Answer 23

no effective medication for core symptoms. Meds are used to treat co-occurring conditions and behaviors
methylphenidate and other psychostimulants for ADHD
SSRIs for depression and anxiety
atypical antipsychotics (especially risperidone and aripiprazole) for irritability and aggressive, self-injurious, and other disruptive behaviors