Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards
Domains that are impaired by neurodevelopmental disorders.
personal
social
academic
occupational
intellectual disability diagnosis requirements
deficits in intellectual functioning (two standard deviations below the mean)
deficits in adaptive functioning (personal independence, social responsibility, one or more activities of daily life in multiple contexts)
onset of deficits during the developmental period
intellectual disability specifiers
mild
moderate
severe
profound
What domains are the intellectual disability specifiers based on?
adaptive functioning in conceptual, social, and practical domains
What percentage of intellectual disability cases is the cause of the disability known?
25-50%
In cases with a known etiology, what percentage of intellectual disability cases are due to prenatal factors?
80-85%
In cases with a known etiology, what percentage of intellectual disability cases are due to perinatal factors?
5-10%
In cases with a known etiology, what percentage of intellectual disability cases are due to postnatal factors?
5-10%
Top two most common chromosomal causes of intellectual disability
- Down’s Syndrome
2. fragile X syndrome
Most common preventable prenatal causes of intellectual disability
fetal alcohol syndrome
Autism spectrum disorder diagnosis requirements
deficits in social communication and interaction in multiple contexts
restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities (2 of 4 symptoms)
onset of symptoms during early developmental period which causes impairment in social, occupational, or other area of functioning
Autism social communication and interaction deficit components
social-emotional reciprocity
nonverbal communicative behaviors
developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships
Autism restricted and repetitive behavior symptoms
stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech
insistence on sameness
inflexible adherence to routines
ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior
highly restricted interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus
hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input
Autism severity specifiers
level 1: requiring support
level 2: requiring substantial support
level 3: requiring very substantial support
associated features of ASD
intellectual impairment language impairment self-injury motor deficits and abnormalities disruptive/challenging behaviors
protective factors for good prognosis of Autism
IQ over 70
functional language skills by age 5
absence of comorbid mental health problems
overall prevalence of autism
1% of the population
ratio of males vs females diagnosed with autism
4 times more often in males
possible etiology of autism
unknown in most cases
genetic
abnormalities in the cerebellum and amygdala
low serotonin synthesis which contributes to abnormal brain development
high blood levels of serotonin
autism risk factors
male
family history of ASD
medical conditions such as fragile X or Angelman syndrome
birth before 26 weeks
advanced parental age
exposure to environmental toxins during prenatal development
Goals of therapy for autism
minimize core symptoms of the disorder
maximize independence with functional skills
reduce or eliminate behaviors that interfere with functional skills
early intensive behavioral intervention for autism
EBT based on applied behavior analysis.
Has the greatest positive impact on intelligence and language acquisition and a smaller and less consistent impact on adaptive skills, social functioning, and severity of core ASD symptoms
medications for Autism
no effective medication for core symptoms. Meds are used to treat co-occurring conditions and behaviors
methylphenidate and other psychostimulants for ADHD
SSRIs for depression and anxiety
atypical antipsychotics (especially risperidone and aripiprazole) for irritability and aggressive, self-injurious, and other disruptive behaviors
