NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS Flashcards
what are neurodevelopmental disorders?
Conditions that begin in childhood and have a major impact on social and cognitive functioning.
deficits associated with these disorders include
impairments in personal, social, academic or occupational functioning
What are intellectual disabilities?
individuals who have intellectual and adaptive deficits that first became evident when they were children
intellectual disabilities are characterized by deficits in
general mental abilities such as reasoning, problem-solving, judgment, ability to learn from experience, and learning in an academic context
Significantly below average intellectual functioning, indicated by an I Q of
70
In DSM-5, the levels of severity are based on what?
how well the individual is able to adapt in conceptual, social, and practical domains.
What is a significant cause of intellectual disabilities?
genetic abnormalities
Down syndrome
Form of intellectual disability caused most commonly when individuals inherit an extra copy of chromosome 21
Phenylketonuria (P K U)
Condition in which children are born missing an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase
Fragile X syndrome
genetic disorder caused by a change in the gene F M R1
Tay–Sachs disease
Inherited disease that produces deficits in intellectual functioning due to a lack of hexosaminidase A
what is the second category of cause of intellectual disabilities?
environmental hazards
What are Environmental hazards that mothers experience while pregnant
Teratogens.
Rubella.
Anoxia.
Premature birth, and brain injury during delivery.
Fetal alcohol syndrome
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
A set of abnormalities in facial appearance, slower than average growth patterns, and nervous system delays that result in intellectual deficits
children with FAS experienced reduced brain volume and?
malformations of the corpus callosum
what is the prevalence for FAS
30 of every 1,000 births
Autism spectrum disorder
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving impairments in the domains of social communication and performance of restricted, repetitive behaviors
treatment of intellectual disabilities
Mainstreaming.
Behavioral interventions involving family.
Prevention of physically related disorders.
for autism children are evaluated along what two domains
Social and communication disturbances.
Restricted range of interests and performance of repetitive behaviors and activities.
echolalia
repetition of same sound
theories of autism
Chromosomal abnormalities.
Structural brain abnormalities.
Functional brain abnormalities.
Rett syndrome
Deceleration of head growth and some of the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder.
Normal development occurs in a child early in life until what age and then neurological and cognitive impairments develop.
up to age 4
is rett syndrome more common in boys or girls
girls
high functioning autism
Less severe and more focused impairments.
Difficulty reading the social cues of others.
Tend to become preoccupied with a narrow set of interests.
More likely to try to make friends
high functioning autism used to be known as what
aspergers
children with specific learning disorders experience what?
delay or deficit in their ability to acquire a basic academic skill
children with specific learning disorders experience what?
delay or deficit in their ability to acquire a basic academic skill
Specific learning disorder with impairment in reading (dyslexia)
individual omits, distorts, or substitutes words when reading, and reads in a slow, halting fashion
Specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression
individual’s writing is characterized by poor spelling, grammatical or punctuation errors, and disorganization of paragraphs
Dyscalculia
Pattern of difficulties in number sense, ability to learn arithmetic facts, and calculations
Dyscalculia
Pattern of difficulties in number sense, ability to learn arithmetic facts, and calculations
Specific learning disorder with impairment in mathematics
individual has difficulty with tasks and concepts involving numbers and numerical reasoning
children with language disorders dont have the ability to what?
express themselves in ways appropriate to their age and developmental level
communication disorder
Conditions involving impairment in language, speech, and communication
ADD/ ADHD
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity
children with ADHD may have what type of grades?
lower
children with ADHD experience
repeated discipline problems, and placement in special education classes
children with ADHD are more likely to develope
substance use disorders as they reach early adulthood
what is the primary form of motor disorders?
developmental coordination disorder
children with coordination disorder experience?
marked impairment in their abilities to coordinate the movements of their hands and feet
Tic disorder
A tic is a rapid, recurring involuntary movement or vocalization
Motor tics include
eye blinking, facial twitches, and shoulder shrugging
Vocal tics include
coughing, grunting, snorting, coprolalia (the uttering of obscenities), and tongue clicking
Tourette’s disorder
most well known of the tic disorders, affecting approximately 1% of children
children with stereotypic movement disorder engage in
repetitive, seemingly driven nonfunctional behaviors
